Neuromuscular: Study Set 3 Flashcards
Is gray matter or white matter composed of nerves without dendrites
white
Is gray matter or white matter composed of capillaries, dendrites, glial cells, and cell bodies
gray
Is gray matter or white matter unmyelinated
gray
Is gray matter or white matter myelinated
white
Do cranial nerves and spinal nerves belong to the CNS or PNS
PNS
Spinal nerves each have an anterior root and a posterior root. What are the roles of each of these nerve roots
the posterior root is afferent meaning it carries sensory information to the CNS to be processed
the anterior root is efferent meaning it carries out motor information away from the CNS
What are the two divisions of the ANS and their definitons
- sympathetic division - prepares the body for emergence response via norepinephrine neurotransmitter
- Parasympathetic division - conserving and restoring energy via acetylcholine neurotransmitter
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for a fight or flight response
norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is responsible for calming the body and inhibiting the fight or flight response
acetylcholine
What is the somatic nervous system composed of
peripheral and motor nerve fibers that are all myelinated.
True or False
The five senses are influenced by the ANS
False, SNS
What is the limbic system responsible for
controlling mood and emotions as well as processing and storage of recent memory. Olfaction, control of appetite, and emotional responses to food happen here
What behaviors might arise is there is a lesion in the limbic system
aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior, and changes in motivation
What structure in the brain relays information from ne side of the brain to the other side
corpus callosum
What is the function of the frontal lobe
voluntary movement, speech, judgement, and reasoning. Broca’s area is in the left frontal lobe
Where is Broca’s area located in the brain
left frontal lobe
What is the function of the parietal lobe
sensation of touch, vibration, and temp. Receives sensory information from other parts of the brain. Provides meaning for words and language
What is the function of the temporal lobe
primary auditory and olfaction processing as well as processing other peoples emotions. Wernicke’s area in is the left temporal lobe
Where is Wernicke’s area located in the brain
left temporal lobe
What is the function of the occipital lobe
main center for visual information
Which structure of the brain is responsible for storing and retrieving memories as needed
hippocampus
Which structure of the brain is responsible for voluntary movement, posture, muscle tone, and control of motor responses
basal ganglia
Which structure of the brain is responsible for emotional and social processing as well as fear, pleasure, or arousal.
amygdala
Which structure of the brain is known at the relay center for processing sensory information and executing movement
thalamus
Which structure of the brain receives and integrates information from the ANS and assists in hunger, thirst, regulating hormones/glands, sleep, and body temperature.
Hypothalamus
The tectum and the tegmentum are the two key areas of the midbrain. Which of the two includes superior and inferior colliculi
tectum
The tectum and the tegmentum are the two key areas of the midbrain. Which of the two includes the cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, and red nucleus
tegmentum
Which structure of the brain coordinates movement, posture, and balance
Cerebellum
True or false
An cerebellar lesion will produce ipsilateral impairments
true
Which structure of the brain assists with regulation of respiration rate and is where cranial nerves five through eight originate
pons
Which structure of the brain regulates HR and RR, as well as is a reflex center for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing.
Medulla
True or false
A medulla oblongata lesion will produce ipsilateral impairments
false, contralateral
Which structure of the brain cranial nerves nine through twelve originate
medulla oblongata
Branches of which two arteries form the circle of willis
internal carotid and two vertebral arteries
If damage occurs to the ACA, what deficits are expected
contralateral LE motor and sensory
loss of bowel and bladder
Aphasia, apraxia, agraphia
behavioral and mental changes
If damage occurs to the MCA, what deficits are expected
contralateral weakness and sensory loss of face and UE more than LE.
Wernicke’s aphasia if in dom. hem.
homonymous hemianopsia
Flat affect with right hem.
impaired spatial relations
agnosia
If damage occurs to the VBA, what deficits are expected
loss of consciousness
hemiplegia
comatose or locked in syndrome
inability to speak
vertigo, nystagmus, dysphagia, dysarthria, syncope
If damage occurs to the PCA, what deficits are expected
contralateral pain and temp loss
contralateral hemiplegia
ataxia
thalamic pain syndrome
visual deficits
memory
alexia, dyslexia
what is apraxia
difficulty initiating movement or speech
what is agnosia
inability to process sensory information
what is agraphia
inability to communicate through writing
what is alexia
inability to read or process written words
What are the signs and symptoms of meningitis
fever, headache, vomiting
stiff, painful neck and posterior thigh
Brudzinski’s sign
Kernig’s sign
sensitivity to light
What is the gold standard for diagnosing meningitis
lumbar puncture
at what age is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex present
2 to 3 months
What does standing posture look like in a 2-3 month old
poor weightbearing, flexed hips and knees, hips behind shoulders
At what age does a child bear weight through arms while in a prone position
4-5 months
at what age does a child roll from supine to on their side
4 to 5 months
at what age does a child roll from supine to prone
six to seven months
at what age does a child lift its head and help out when pulled ro sitting
six to seven months
at what age does a child get into hands and knees
eight to nine months
at what age is a child crawling
eight to nine months
at what age is a child furniture walking
eight to nine months
at what age can a child briefly stand unsupported but can walk with both hands held
ten to eleven months
at what age does a child start to walk
one year to fifteen months
at what age does a child walk upstairs with one hand held
sixteen months to two years
at what age is a child kicking and throwing a ball
sixteen months to 2 years
at what age is a child riding a tricycle, running, and hopping on one foot
two years
at what age is a child hopping, walking, or jumping with coordination for longer distaces/time
3 to 4 years
at what age does a child skip and gallop
5 to eight years
What is brudzinski sign and what is it used to diagnose
if a PT passively flexes the neck, the hips and knees with flex in reaction due to meningitis
What is kernig’s sign and what is used to diagnose
a PT will put a leg in ninety-ninety position with the pt in supine, the extend the knee. if pain is present in the head, its positive for meningitis
does ALS effect more men or women
men
ALS presents with UMN and LMN signs. What are the LMN signs that a pt might display
asymmetric muscle weakness, fasciculations, cramping, and atrophy within the hands
ALS presents with UMN and LMN signs. What are the UMN signs that a pt might display
uncoordinated movements, spasticity, clonus, and positive Babinski
True or false
ALS deficits go from proximal to distal
false, distal to proximal
What is bell’s palsy
temporary unilateral facial paralysis due to demyelination to the facial nerve
what nerve is effected in carpal tunnel
median nerve
what is Friedreich’s ataxia
a hereditary ataxia that causes gait unsteadiness early in life and overall gradual decline
What is the life expectancy of someone with ALS
2-5 years
The position of this infant is indicative of what pediatric pathology, and what is the name of this position called
waiter’s tip is indicative of Erb’s palsy which is a upper brachial plexus injury that occurs during birth
