Cardiopulmonary: Study Set 4 Flashcards
True or false
an aneurysm is from constriction of a blood vessel resulting in inadequate oxygen and blood flow to the heart or brain
false, it is a dilation problem so it creates a balloon like bulge due to thin walls secondary to hypertension
What genetic condition increases the chances of an aneurysm
Marfans syndrome
What is cardiomyopathy and what are the three types
a condition that affects the heart’s ability to contract and relax
1. dilated
2. hypertrophic
3. restrictive
What treatment is used for dilated cardiomyopathy
ACE inhibitors , beta blockers, digoxin, and diuretics to lower BP
What treatment is used for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
medications like Lopressor and calcium channel blockers to slow and regulate heart rate/rhythm.
What treatment is used for restrictive cardiomyopathy
medication to improve symptoms like diuretics or antihypertensives
what is chronic venous insufficiency
the veins and valves of lower extremities are damaged and cannot keep blood flowing towards the heart so veins remain filled with blood.
What are common treatments for chronic venous insufficiency
compression stockings and elevation of the legs
When should a PT cease activity when dealing with a pt with angina
as soon as they experience angina
If a patient is experiencing angina after terminating an activity, what should the therapist do next
administer up to three sublingual nitroglycerin tablets every five minutes. if the pt is still having chest pain, send to ER.
Which heart valve is often involved in chronic venous insufficiency
bicuspid valve
What will the physical characteristics of a pt look like if they have chronic venous insufficiency
hyperkeratosis and brawny skin with wounds on the medial lower leg
What is ASD or atrial septum defect
a condition in which the foramen ovale doesn’t close at birth, so blood seeps from the left atrium into the right.
symptoms don’t come on until age thirty which include fatigue, SOB, swelling of legs, frequent lung infections
What is patent ductus arteriosus
a congenital heart defect in which the ductus arteriosus, which shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aortic artery in utero to bypass the lungs.
what is VSD or ventricular septal defect
a hole in the ventricular septum allowing blood to pass from the left ventricle directly to the right ventricle. If the hole is too big, too much blood will enter the lungs causing heart failure
What is tetralogy of Fallot
a combination of four heart defects including VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and aorta overriding the VSD.
What is cor pulmonale
it is pulmonary heart disease in which the right ventricle hypertrophies due to altered function of the lungs
Why is DVT a big deal
because the clot can break lose and travel up to the lungs resulting in a pulmonary embolism
what is the treatment for DVT
compression socks to keep the blood from pooling or anticoagulant medications
what is endocarditis
inflammation of the endothelium that lines the heart and cardiac valves which caused by bacteria that enters the bloodstream
What is the first line of treatment for endocarditis
antibiotics since it is caused by bacteria
what side of the heart does congestive heart failure typically start in
left ventricle
what is the medication digoxin used to treat
heart failure
what is normal BP
120/80
True or False
Primary hypertension has no known cause
true
What is an early sign of hypertension
S4 heart sound
What is normal BMI
18.5 to 24.9
State the BP readings for the following classifications of hypertension in adults
- Normal
- Elevated
- Stage 1
- Stage 2
- 120 and less than 80
- 121-129 and less than 80
- 130-139 and 80-89
- 140+ and 90+
True or False
Lymphedema is incureable
true
A direct lymphography can be used in diagnosing lymphedema, how does it work
an injection of a contrast medium into a lymph vessel that allows for visualization of the entrie lymph system through radiography.
An indirect lymphography can be used in diagnosing lymphedema, how does it work
an injection of a contrast medium just under the skin to allow for visualization of the smaller superficial vessels.
A lymphoscintigraphy can be used in diagnosing lymphedema, how does it work
an injection of radioactive material that allows for visualization of the lymphatic system through nuclear medical imaging. The material is traced throughout the system to determine how effectively lymph is being transported.
Describe the staging system of lymphedema
stages 0-3
0 is the preclinical stage without visible edema
1 is the reversible stage, pitting edema is present but diminishes with elevation and rest
2 is the spontaneous irreversible stage with nonpitting edema that does not change with elevation or rest. Stemmers sign is positive at this stage
3 is the lymphostatic elephantiasis stage and extensive fibrotic non-pitting edema is visible with present of papilloma’s, deep skin folds, and hyperkeratosis. Infection is common.
What is stemmer’s sign and what does it test for
Try to pinch the skin at the base of a toe and if you can pinch the skin, it is a negative test for lymphedema.
if you can’t pinch the skin, it is positive for lymphedema
What lymphedema stage is Stemmer’s sign positive in
stages 3 and 4
True or False
When a pt first receives manual lymphatic drainage, the PT should start on the uninvolved side
True because you want to prep those areas for new lymph flow
Compression therapy is prescribed to a patient with lymphedema after receiving MLD to maintain the reduction in edema. Should the therapist use short-stretch or long-stretch bandages
short stretch since they have a low resting pressure and therefore do not constrict lymph like long stretch bandages do
What is the primary tool to detect a MI
12 lead electrocardiogram
what is myocarditis
the myocardium is weakened and gets inflamed secondary to a virus which causes the myocardium to become thick and swollen
What is pericarditis
The pericardium of the heart gets inflamed secondary to either a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection which causes an increase in fluid between the two walls of the pericardium (pericardial effusion). This disrupts normal heart rhythm.
What are the common signs and symptoms of peripheral arterial disease
fatiguing, aching, numbness, or pain primarily in the butt, thigh, calf, or foot at rest or when walking.
poorly healing wounds of the legs and feet
distal hair loss, trophic skin changes, hypertrophic nails
If left untreated, strep throat/scarlet fever from streptococcus bacteria can develop into _______ which will damage heart valves and cause heart failure?
Rheumatic Fever
What is valvular heart disease
damage to one or more valve resulting in regurgitation or incompetence which means the blood leaks backwards through the damaged valve
what is acute respiratory distress syndrome or ARDS
sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation in the alveoli a few hours to days after onset of disease/trauma
what are the symptoms of a mild asthma attack compared to a severe asthma attack
mild - wheezing, chest tightness, and slight SOB
severe - dyspnea, flaring nostrils, diminished wheezing, anxiety, cyanosis, and the inability to speak.
what is bronchitis
an inflammation of the bronchi characterized by hypertrophy of the mucus secreting glands, increased mucus secretions, and insufficient oxygenation due to mucus blockage.
patients with COPD with have a/an (increase/decrease) in total lung capacity with a significant (increase/decrease) in residual volume
increase to both
what is cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder inherited by both parents in which causes thick sticky mucus abnormal digestion/absorption of food.
True or False
Pt’s with cystic fibrosis will be overweight
false, they will be skinny and malnourished due to having an absorption/digestion problem
what diagnostic imaging technique is used to diagnose a patient with atelectasis.
chest x ray
What are the first signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis and what patient population is it most common in
white boys, its first noticed that their child has salty skin when kissing their forehead or cheek
What is one primary sign of someone with emphysema
barrel chest due to not being able to exhale all the way
what type of gland is effected by cystic fibrosis
exocrine
what is a pleural effusion
a build up of fluid in the pleural space between in the lungs and chest cavity making it difficult to breathe or even lead to atelectasis
what common disease is described as inflammation of the lungs that causes fever, chills, coughing, sob, sweating, and headache
pneumonia
what is pulmonary edema and how is it caused
fluid fills the alveoli making it difficult to breathe, this is a medical emergency
this occurs when the left ventricle is unable to pump blood adequately. So pressure increases inside the left atrium and then in the pulmonary veins and capillaries, causing flid to be pushed through the capillary walks into the alveoli.
What is a pneumothorax and how is it caused
this is an accumulation of air within the pleural cavity or the space between the lungs and chest wall - causing partial collapsed lung
this is caused by underlying pathology
what diagnostic imaging are using to diagnose pneumothorax
chest x-ray, CT, ultrasound
What diagnostic imaging technique is the most accurate for diagnosing a pulmonary embolism
a pulmonary angiogram - but this has a high risk so it is only used if other tests are inconclusive
otherwise a CT or MRI are used
what causes a PE
a blood clot from the LE breaks off and travels to an artery in the lungs
What is pulmonary fibrosis and what causes it
this is a condition in which irreversible scarring is done to the alveoli, making it difficult to breath due to the inability to the alveoli to expand and relax with each breath from the scarring.
this has an unknown cause but radiation/chemo/environmental particles can play a role
What is restrictive lung dysfunction
an abnormal reduction in lung expansion and pulmonary ventilation
What is respiratory acidosis and how does it affect ventilation, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate.
This is a state when pH is abnormally low resulting in acidemia. This causes hypoventilation, so not as much carbon dioxide is exiting the body which causes hypercapnia or increased CO2. Bicarbonate levels decrease as well.
what causes respiratory acidosis
underlying condition like Guillain-Barre, ALS
what is respiratory alkalosis and how does it affect ventilation, CO2 levels, and hydrogen levels
this is a state when pH is abnormally high resulting in alkalemia. This causes hyperventilation, so more CO2 is leaving the body than what is being produced which is called hypocapnia and causes hydrogen levels to decrease.
Will a patient with respiratory alkalosis has increased or decreased HR
decreased HR
What is sarcoidosis and how is it caused
this causes growth of small inflammatory cells called granulomas within the body’s organs and is thought to be caused by inhaled bacterium but is still unknown
How would a patient get infected with TB
via airborne trasnmission
What is venous thrombsis
a condition in which a blood clot has formed in the deep veins of the LE’s. a clot can break off and travel to the brain, heart, or lungs.
