Musculoskeletal: Study Set 1 Flashcards
Which cervical muscles flex the head (3)
Sternocleidomastoid
Longus coli
Scalenus muscles
Which cervical muscles extend the head (6)
splenius cervicis
semispinalis cervicis
iliocostalis cervicis
longissimus cervicis
multifidus
trapezius
Which cervical muscles rotate and side bend the head (7)
SCM
scalenes
splenius cervicus
longissimus cervicis
iliocostalis cervicis
levator scapulae
multifidus
Which thoracic and or lumbar muscles flex the trunk (3)
rectus abdominis
internal oblique
external oblique
Which thoracic and or lumbar muscles extend the trunk (3)
Erector spinae
quadratus lumborum
multifidus
Which thoracic and or lumbar muscles rotate and side bend the trunk (8)
psoas major
quadratus lumborum
external oblique
internal oblique
multifidus
longissimus thoracis
iliocostalis thoracis
rotatores
Which muscles elevate the scapula (2)
Upper trapezius
Levator scapulae
Which muscles depress the scapula (4)
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
lower traps
Which muscles protract the scapula (2)
serratus anterior
pec minor
Which muscles retract the shoulder (2)
middle trap
rhomboids
Which muscles upwardly rotate the scapula (2)
upper and lower trap
serratus anterior
Which muscles downwardly rotate the scapula (3)
Rhomboids
levator scapulae
pec minor
Which muscles flex the shoulder (4)
anterior deltoid
coracobrachialis
pec major
biceps brachii
Whis muscles extend the shoulder (4)
latissimus dorsi
posterior deltoid
teres major
triceps brachii
Which muscles abduct the shoulder (2)
middle deltoid
supraspinatus
Which muscles adduct the shoulder (3)
Pec major
latissimus dorsi
teres major
Which muscles horizontally abduct the shoulder (3)
posterior deltoid
infraspinatus
teres minor
Which muscles horizontally adduct the shoulder (2)
pec major
anterior deltoid
Which muscles laterally rotate the shoulder (3)
Teres minor
infraspinatus
posterior deltoid
Which muscles medially rotate the shoulder (5)
Subscapularis
teres major
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
anterior deltoid
Which muscles flex the elbow (3)
biceps brachii
brachioradialis
brachialis
Which muscles extend the elbow (2)
triceps brachii
aconeus
which muscles supine the forearm (2)
biceps brachii
supinator
Which muscles pronate the forearm (2)
Pronator teres
Pronator quadtratus
Which muscles flex the wrist (3)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Which muscles extend the wrist (3)
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Which muscles radially deviate the wrist (5)
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Flexor carpi radialis
Which muscles ulnarly deviate the wrist (2)
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Which muscles flex the hip (4)
Sartorius
Iliopsoas
Pectineus
Rectus femoris
Which muscles extend the hip (5)
Glute max
glute med
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
Which muscles abduct the hip (5)
Glute med
Glute min
piriformis
obturator
tensor fascia latae
Which muscles adduct the hip (4)
Adductor magnus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
gracilis
Which muscles medially rotate the hip (5)
Glute med
glute min
TFL
pectineus
adductor longus
Which muscles laterally rotate the hip (6)
glute max
piriformis
obturator internus
obturator externus
sartorius
gemelli
Which muscles flex the knee (4)
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
sartorius
which muscles extend the knee (4)
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
Which muscles plantarflex the ankle (7)
Tibialis posterior
gastrocnemius
soleus
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
plantaris
flexor hallucis
Which muscles dorsiflex the ankle (4)
Tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
peroneus tertius
Which muscles invert the foot (3)
tibialis posterior
tibialis anterior
flexor digitorum longus
Which muscles evert the foot (3)
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
peroneus tertius
What type of joint provides minimal to no movement at the joint
- synarthroses/fibrous
- amphiarthroses/cartilaginous
- diarthroses/synovial
- fibrous/synarthroses
What joint classification does a suture belong to
fibrous joint
What joint classification does a syndesmosis joint belong to?
fibrous joint
What is an example of a syndesmosis joint in the body
the interosseous membrane between the tibia and fibula
-any bone connected to bone by a fibrous membrane
what joint classification does a gomphosis joint belong to
fibrous
what is an example of a gomphosis joint in the body
a tooth in its socket
What type of joint provides slight movement and connects bone with hyaline cartilage
- synarthroses/fibrous
- amphiarthroses/cartilaginous
- diarthroses/synovial
- amphiarthrosis/cartilaginous
what joint classification does the articulation between the sternum and rib belong to
synchondrosis type of cartilaginous
what joint classification does a symphysis joing belong to
cartilaginous joint
What type of joint provides free movement with characteristics of synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and a joint capsule
- synarthroses/fibrous
- amphiarthroses/cartilaginous
- diarthroses/synovial
- diarthroses
what type of joint classification is the most vulnerable to injury
diarthroses/synovial joints
what type of joint classification do uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints belong to
synovial/diarthroses
what is an example of a uniaxial joint in the body
a hinge joint like at the elbow or a pivot joint like the atlantoaxial joint
what is an example of a biaxial joint in the body
condyloid joint like the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb or saddle joint at the carpometacarpal joint of the finger
what is an example of a multiaxial joint in the body
a ball in socket joint
The glenohumeral joint is formed by the (concave/convex) humeral head and the (concave/convex) glenoid fossa
convex humeral head and concave glenoid fossa
What is the loose packed position of the glenohumeral joint
55 degrees of abduction and 30 degrees of horizontal abduction
What is the closed pack position of the glenohumeral joint
abduction and lateral rotation
what is the loose packed position of the sternoclavicular joint
arm by the side
what is the closed pack position of the sternoclavicular joint
maximum shoulder elevation
what is the open pack position of the acromioclavicular joint
arm resting by side
what is the closed pack position of the acromioclavicular joint
arm abducted to 90 degrees
What movements does the acromioclavicular ligament help control/prevent/limit
horizontal movements of the clavicle
What movements does the coracoacromial ligament help control/prevent/limit
superior translation of the humeral head and separation of the ac joint
What movements does the coracoclavicular ligament help control/prevent/limit
superior translation of the clavicle
Are UE or LE amputations more common? And what is the most common cause of amputation?
LE are more common with PVD as the cause
What is a forequarter or scapulothoracic amputation?
removal of the UE including the shoulder girdle
What is a shoulder disarticulation amputation?
surgical removal of the upper extremity through the shoulder
What is a transhumeral amputation?
removal of the UE proximal to the elbow joint
What is an elbow disarticulation amputation?
surgical removal of the lower arm through the elbo wjoint
What is a transradial amputation?
surgical removal of the UE distal to the elbow joint
What is a wrist disarticulation amputation?
surgical removal of the hand through the wrist joint
What is a partial hand amputation
removal of a portion of the hand and/or digits at either the transcarpal, transmetacarpal, or transphalangeal level
What is a digital amputation
surgical removal of a digit at either the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, or distal interphalangeal level
Describe the socket component of an UE prosthesis for both a transradial and transhumeral amputation
Transradial - socket covers 2/3 of forearm, can be shortened to allow more supination/pronation
transhuemral - extends to acromion level, allows for stability with rotational components
Describe the suspension component of an UE prosthesis for both a transradial and transhumeral amputation
Transradial - triceps cuff, harness, cable system
Transhumeral - harness, cable system, suction
Describe the elbow unit component of an UE prosthesis for both a transradial and transhumeral amputation
Transradial - attaches to either triceps cuff or upper arm pad, either flexible or rigid hinge connects socket to proximal component
humeral - internal or external locking elbow unit
Describe the wrist unit component of an UE prosthesis for both a transradial and transhumeral amputation
radial - ball and socket, quick change with constant friction, wrist flexion unit
humeral - same as radial
Describe the terminal device component of an UE prosthesis for both a transradial and transhumeral amputation
radial - voluntary opening or closing
powered by any means with hook, mechanical hand, or cosmetic glove
humeral - same as radial
What is a hemicorporectomy amputation
surgical removal of the pelvis and both lower extremities
What is a hemipelvectomy
surgical removal of one half of the pelvis and the LE
What is a hip disarticulation amputation?
surgical removal of the lower extremity from the pelvis
What is a transfemoral amputation
removal of the LE above the knee joint
What is a knee disarticulation amputation?
removal of the LE through the knee joint
What is a transtibial amputation
remove of the LE below the knee joint
What is a Syme’s amputation
surgical removal of the foot at the ankle joint with removal of the malleoli
What is Chopart’s amputation
amputation through the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. The amputation preserves the plantar flexors, but sacrifices the DF’s often resulting in an equinus contracture
What is a tarsometatarsal/Lisfranc amputation?
surgical removal of the metatarsals. DF and PF are preserved
Describe the socket component of a LE prosthesis for both a transfemoral and transtibial amputation
femoral - quadrilateral socket or ischial containment socket
tibial - PTB, PTS, SC-SP
Describe the suspension component of a LE prosthesis for both a transfemoral and transtibial amputation
femoral - lanyard strap, shuttle lock, suction, vacuum
transtibial - cuff, corset, waist belt, suction, shuttle lock, vacuum
Describe the knee component of a LE prosthesis for both a transfemoral and transtibial amputation
femoral - single axis knee, polycentric, hydraulic, microprocessor
transtibial - not needed
Describe the shank component of a LE prosthesis for both a transfemoral and transtibial amputation
femoral - rigid exoskeleton and pylon covered with foam endoskeleton
transtibial - same as femoral
Describe the foot system component of a LE prosthesis for both a transfemoral and transtibial amputation
femoral - SACH, SAFE, single axis, multi axis, hydraulic, powered, dynamic response
tibial - same as femoral
What are reasons why a patient would develop a contracture after an amputation
failure to initiate full ROM in early phases and poor positioning of the the residual limb
What are the most likely contractures for a transtibial and transfemoral amputation
transtibial may cause knee flexion
transfemoral may cause hip flexion and abduction
What medication is given to patients post amputation to reduce the likelihood of developing a blood clot
heparin
Hypersensitivity of a residual limb after an amputation is likely, what are some ways to desensitize the limb
Weight bearing, massage, taping, and residual limb wrapping
Phantom pain of a residual limb is common after an amputation, what are some ways to decrease phantom limb pain
TENS, ultrasound, ice, mirror therapy, relaxation techniques, desensitizing techniques, and prosthetic use
What is the most common UE amputation
transradial amputation
True or False:
A transradial amputation is preferred over wrist disarticulation or partial hand amputations
True, a transradial amputation leaves the ability to have more functional use of the residual limb
Is donning a transtibial or transfemoral prostheses more difficult
transfemoral
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have lateral bending during gait
Prostheses too short
improper walls
prosthesis aligned in abduction
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have abducted gait
prostheses too long
improper walls
prosthesis in abduction
improper suspension
excessive knee friction
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have circumducted gait
prostheses too long
knee friction
socket to small
excessive plantar flexion
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have excessive knee flexion during stance phase of gait
socket is forward in relation to foot
excessive dorsiflexion
stiff heel
prostheses too long
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have vaulting during gait
prostheses too long
inadequate suspension
excessive PF
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have rotation of forefoot at heel strike during gait
toe out built in
loose fitting socket
inadequate suspension
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have forward trunk flexion during gait
socket too big
poor suspension
knee instability
What are some prosthetic causes that would lead
a patient to have medial or lateral whip during gait
excessive rotation of the knee
tight socket fit
valgus in the prosthetic knee
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have lateral bending during gait
poor balance
abd contracture
weak abd on prosthetic side
hypersensitivity/pain
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have abducted gait
abduction contracture
adductor roll
weak hip flexors and adductors
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have lateral cicumducted gait
abduction contracture
weak hip flexors
lack of confidence to flex knee
inability to initiate prosthetic flexion
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have excessive knee flexion during stance phase during gait
knee flexion contracture
hip flexion contracture
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have excessive knee flexion during stance phase during gait
knee flexion contracture
hip flexion contracture
decreased quad strength
poor balance
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have vaulting during gait
discomfort
fear of stubbing toe
painful limb
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have rotation of the forefoot at heel strike during gait
poor muscle control
weak medial rotators
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have forward trunk flexion during gait
hip flexion contracture
weak hip extensors
pain with ischial weight bearing
inability to initiate prosthetic knee flexion
What are some amputee causes that would lead themselves to have medial or lateral whip during gait
weak hip rotators
knee instability
True or False:
A syme’s amputation involves removal of the malleoli
true
What is the AMPPRO
The Amputee Mobility Predictor that is designed to measure the ambulatory protentional of LE prosthesis users. This test can be performed with or without a prosthetic limb
What is a myodesis and myoplasty
A myodesis is the anchoring or muscle tissue or tendon to bone using sutures that are passed through small holes drilled in the bone.
A myoplasty is suturing amputated muscle flaps together over the end of a bone following amputation.
What is a polycentric knee
a prosthetic knee joint that has multiple axes of rotation that allows for a more natural gait cycle than a single axis knee
Label A and B
A is socket
B is pylon
What movements does the coracohumeral ligament help control/prevent/limit
limits inferior translation of the humeral head
What movements does the costoclavicular ligament help control/prevent/limit
controls stability of the sternoclavicular joint
What movements does the glenohumeral ligament help control/prevent/limit
limits adduction, lateral rotation, medial rotation
What movements does the glenoid labrum help control/prevent/limit
provides a deeper surface of the glenoid fossa and increases the articular surface of the
What movements does the joint capsule help control/prevent/limit
joint stability
What movements does the subacromial bursa help control/prevent/limit
helps facilitate movement of the deltoid
What movements does the transverse humeral ligament help control/prevent/limit
helps maintain the tendon of the long head of the biceps within the bicipital groove
