Other Systems Review Questions #1 Flashcards
Which of the following exerts its primary influence on the hair follicles?
arrector pili muscles
Meissner’s glands
melanocytes
sebaceous glands
arrector pili muscles
Which structure in the epidermis serves as a barrier against fluid, electrolyte, and chemical loss?
basal cells
Langerhans cells
keratinocytes
stratum corneum
Stratum corneum
What is the proper order of skin layers from superficial to deep?
- epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, subcutaneous
- epidermis, reticular dermis, papillary dermis, subcutaneous
- reticular dermis, papillary dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous
- epidermis, subcutaneous, papillary dermis, reticular dermis
- epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, subcutaneous
Which layer of the skin contains melanocytes?
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
subcutaneous
epidermis
Which substance is responsible for the pigmentation of the skin?
melatonin
melanin
serotonin
keratin
melanin
What organ provides the first physical line of defense for the body from external harm?
thyroid
skin
liver
lymph nodes
skin
What type of gland helps to protect the skin by producing sebum?
apocrine sweat gland
sebaceous gland
ceruminous gland
mammary gland
sebaceous gland
Which of the following inflammatory mediators is responsible for causing pain in an acute wound?
histamine
prostaglandins
phagocytes
renin
prostaglandins
The process by which epithelial cells die and produce a protective outer layer is called:
epithelialization
keratinization
granulation
necrotizing
keratinization
Which of the following types of burns would be the least painful?
superficial
superficial partial-thickness
deep partial-thickness
full-thickness
full thickness
Which burn classification is most likely to result in hypertrophic and keloid scarring after the healing process is complete?
superficial
superficial partial-thickness
deep partial-thickness
full-thickness
deep partial thickness
Which of the following zones of injury corresponds with the most severe area of injury at a burn site that sustained irreversible cell damage?
zone of erythema
zone of stasis
zone of coagulation
zone of hyperemia
zone of coagulation
What is the primary cause of burns in adolescents and adults?
hot liquids
electricity
chemicals
fire
hot liquids
A burn that blanches and exhibits brisk capillary refill would most likely be classified as:
epidermal
superficial partial-thickness
deep partial-thickness
full-thickness
superficial partial thickness
Which burn classification would most likely affect the pH of systemic tissue?
chemical burn
electrical burn
flash burn
scald burn
chemical burn
Which classification of burn could potentially cause ventricular fibrillation?
chemical burn
electrical burn
flash burn
scald burns
electrical burn
A burn that presents with significant pain and blistering is most likely to be classified as a:
superficial burn
superficial partial-thickness burn
deep partial-thickness burn
full thickness burn
superficial partial thickness burn
What burn classification would be given to an area of the skin that was bright red, painful, and dry without blisters?
superficial burn
superficial partial-thickness burn
deep partial-thickness burn
full-thickness burn
superficial burn
Which of the following burn classifications is characterized by complete destruction of the epidermal and dermal layers, in addition to the involvement of the subcutaneous fat or muscle?
superficial burn
superficial partial-thickness burn
deep partial-thickness burn
full-thickness burn
full-thickness burn
Which of the following would not be used with mechanical debridement?
pulsatile lavage
Hubbard tank
wet-to-dry dressings
transparent film dressings
transparent film dressing
Which of the following is a form of non-selective debridement technique?
autolytic debridement
enzymatic debridement
wet-to-dry dressing
sharp debridement
wet to dry dressing
Which type of debridement accelerates the body’s own ability to clean up debris?
mechanical
autolytic
biosurgical
surgical
autolytic
Which form of wound debridement converts a chronic wound into an acute wound using specific instruments, decreasing the surface bacterial burden, and removing senescent cells?
sharp
autolytic
enzymatic
mechanical
sharp
Which method is an example of mechanical debridement?
collagenases
maggots
film dressings
pulsed lavage
pulsed lavage
Which of the following is a selective form of debridement?
wet-to-dry dressing
whirlpool
pulsed lavage
autolytic
autolytic
Which method of debridement removes both viable and nonviable tissues?
nonselective debridement
enzymatic debridement
autolytic debridement
sharp debridement
nonselective debridement
During sharp debridement, caution should be taken with patients who are currently taking:
antidiuretics
anticoagulants
antihypertensives
antitussives
anticoagulants
Which of the following is not an example of mechanical debridement?
whirlpool
pulsed lavage
wet-to-dry dressings
hydrocolloids
hydrocolloids
Which color demonstrates the greatest severity of necrotic tissue?
white
tan
yellow
black
black
Which of the following dressings would be most appropriate for partial or full-thickness wounds exhibiting minimal to moderate drainage?
transparent film
foams
calcium alginates
collagen matrix
foam
Moisture retentive dressings such as hydrocolloids, films, and hydrogels can be used for which of the following debridement methods?
sharp
autolytic
enzymatic
mechanical
autolytic
Which of the following would be the most appropriate type of wound dressing to place over an intravenous access site?
hydrocolloid dressing
transparent film dressing
non-adherent gauze dressing
foam dressing
transparent film dressing
Which of the following is considered the most occlusive of the moisture-retentive dressings?
transparent films
foams
hydrogels
hydrocolloids
hydrocolloids
Which type of dressing would be the most appropriate for an infected wound if the goal is to reduce exudate while maintaining a moist wound environment?
impermeable film
hydrogel
foam
alginates
alginates
Which of the following is not an indication for applying a wound dressing?
protect the area from injury
prevent contamination
prevent scarring
promote healing
prevent scarring
Which of the following would typically be the dressing of choice to treat a stage 1 or 2 pressure injury?
transparent film
hydrocolloids
calcium alginates
wet-to-dry dressings
transparent film
Which of the following wound dressings are most helpful in maintaining a moist wound bed in a superficial wound with minimal drainage?
transparent film
alginates
hydrogels
wet-to-dry dressings
hydrogels
Which of these wound dressings can be utilized to treat an infected pressure injury?
transparent film
hydrocolloids
hydrogels
calcium alginates
calcium alginates
Which type of dressing would be the least moisture retentive?
alginates
semipermeable foams
hydrocolloids
semipermeable films
semipermeable films
According to the rule of nines which body segment would occupy the greatest percentage of the total body surface area?
anterior trunk
arm
head
posterior leg
anterior trunk
According to the rule of nines, what percentage of the total body surface area would be allocated to the posterior surface of the bilateral legs and feet?
9%
18%
27%
36%
18
The rule of nines is not appropriate to assess which type of burn?
superficial partial-thickness
superficial
deep partial-thickness
full-thickness
superficial
According to the rule of nines, a burn affecting the anterior right leg and foot would constitute what percentage of the total body surface area?
1.0%
9.0%
13.5%
18.0%
9
According to the rule of nines, a burn affecting the posterior trunk and posterior left arm, forearm and hand, would constitute what percentage of the total body surface area?
9%
13.5%
18%
22.5%
22.5
According to the rule of nines, at what age does a child reach the same body proportions as an adult?
9
12
15
18
9
When using the rule of nines for a young child, which part of the body makes up a larger percentage as compared to an adult?
head and neck
trunk
upper extremity
lower extremity
head and neck
Using the rule of nines, what percentage of the body is affected if there is a burn to the posterior trunk, posterior left lower extremity, and the entire left upper extremity?
31.5%
36.0%
40.5%
45.0%
36
According to the rule of nines, what percentage of the body would be affected by burns covering the anterior surface of the arms and legs bilaterally?
18.0%
22.5%
27.0%
36.0%
27
What percentage of the total body surface area would be affected with a burn that covers the anterior portions of the bilateral lower extremities and the anterior portion of the right arm?
13.5%
18.0%
22.5%
23.0%
22.5
nutritional status
level of hydration
skin maceration
body composition
skin maceration
What score on the Braden scale would most warrant initiation of a pressure injury prevention program?
16
19
21
23
Correct Answer: 16
It is recommended that individuals who score an 18 or less on the Braden scale be placed on a pressure injury prevention program. The scale assesses sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction and shear. Each section of assessment is scored from one to four with the exception of friction and shear, which is scored one to three. The maximum score on the Braden scale is 23.
What is the bacterial agent commonly responsible for skin infection?
gonococcus
chlamydia
mycobacterium tuberculosis
staphylococcus aureus
staphylococcus aureus
Which condition would not increase the risk of developing a pressure injury during a prolonged hospitalization?
diabetic neuropathy
body mass index of 21
incontinence
malnutrition
BMI of 21
eighteen - twenty five is normal
In order to relieve pressure on the skin and prevent contractures, a patient’s position should be changed every:
2 hours
4 hours
6 hours
8 hours
2 hours
Which of the following is not considered as a primary risk factor for development of a pressure injury?
insensate body areas
dry epidermal surfaces
prolonged weight bearing
persistent incontinence
dry epidermal surfaces
A deep tissue wound with intact skin (i.e., unstageable wound) may be especially difficult to identify in which demographic?
males
females
dark skinned individuals
fair skinned individuals
dark skin
A rubor of dependency test can help to identify which of the following risk factors for developing skin ulceration?
venous insufficiency
arterial insufficiency
neuropathy
insensate skin
Correct Answer: arterial insufficiency
The rubor of dependency test is used to evaluate arterial circulation by observing skin color changes that occur with the lower extremity in an elevated position as opposed to on a level surface. Arterial insufficiency is a significant risk factor for developing skin breakdown.
A percussion test can help to identify which of the following risk factors for developing skin ulceration?
venous insufficiency
arterial insufficiency
neuropathy
insensate skin
Correct Answer: venous insufficiency
A percussion test assesses the valves of the saphenous vein by percussing a distal segment of the vein while palpating a proximal segment. If the proximal hand senses blood movement, the valves are not functioning properly. Venous insufficiency is a major risk factor for developing skin breakdown.
Which diagnosis would be most likely to negatively impact the healing of a pressure injury?
adhesive capsulitis
rotator cuff tendonitis
peripheral vascular disease
emphysema
emphysema
Which structure is especially vulnerable to pressure injuries in a side lying position
greater trochanter
ischial tuberosity
iliac crest
sacrum
greater trochanter
What bony prominence would not be susceptible to a pressure injury in a supine position?
occiput
lateral head of the humerus
sacrum
heel
lateral head of the humerus
What bony prominence would not be susceptible to pressure injury when a patient is sitting in a properly sized standard wheelchair?
ischial tuberosity
vertebral spinous processes
spine of the scapula
posterior superior iliac spines
Correct Answer: spine of the scapula
A properly fit standard wheelchair should have a back height that falls below the inferior angle of the scapula. The therapist should measure from the seat of the chair to the floor of the axilla with the user’s shoulder flexed to 90 degrees and then subtract approximately 4 inches. The seat back would not make contact with the spine of the scapula in this scenario.
Which position of the shoulder would be the most appropriate to prevent a contracture following a burn to the anterior chest?
abduction, flexion, lateral rotation
adduction, extension, medial rotation
abduction, flexion, medial rotation
adduction, extension, lateral rotation
abduction, flexion, lateral rotation
Which position of the hip would be the most appropriate to prevent a contracture following a burn to the anterior hip?
hip extension and internal rotation
hip flexion and external rotation
hip extension and abduction
hip flexion and adduction
hip extension and abduction
Which of the following anatomical landmarks would be unlikely to cause a pressure injury if the patient is positioned in prone?
sternum
acromion process
anterior superior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine
anterior inferior iliac spine
An airplane splint applied following a burn would most likely be used to avoid a contracture affecting the:
neck
shoulder
elbow
wrist
Correct Answer: shoulder
An airplane splint is used to immobilize a shoulder during healing from an injury, surgery or burn. The splint maintains the arm in an abducted position at or below shoulder level with the elbow typically flexed.
In order to prevent the development of wounds, how often should a skin assessment in an acute care setting typically occur?
every 24 hours
weekly
quarterly
every physical therapy visit
24 hours
The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia are areas that are likely to develop pressure injuries in which position?
sidelying
sitting
supine
prone
sidelying
Which positions would make the sacrum most susceptible to develop a pressure injury with prolonged positioning?
sitting and sidelying
supine and sitting
supine and prone
prone and sitting
supine and sitting
Whirlpool is contraindicated for which of the following scenarios?
necrotic tissue
callous
multiple necrotic areas
venous insufficiency
Correct Answer: venous insufficiency
Whirlpool, a type of mechanical debridement, may be used to debride loosely adhered tissue and deodorize the wound. It may be inappropriate to place the lower extremity of a patient with venous insufficiency into a dependent position with warm water due to increased blood pooling.
Ulceration on the medial aspect of the lower leg, around the malleoli, is most characteristic of a/an:
venous insufficiency ulcer
neuropathic ulcer
arterial insufficiency ulcer
pressure ulcer
venous insufficiency ulcer
The most appropriate action to temporarily relieve night pain due to an arterial insufficiency ulcer is to:
elevate the legs on pillows
place the legs in a dependent position
take an aspirin
use a heating pad
place the legs in a dependent position
Lower extremity pain that is most prominent during sleep and awakens the patient is most consistent with:
arterial insufficiency
venous insufficiency
diabetic neuropathy
venous reflux
arterial insufficiency
What is the most common location for an arterial insufficiency ulcer?
plantar surface of the feet and toes
proximal to the medial malleoli
lateral malleoli, dorsum of the feet and toes
over bony prominences throughout the body
lateral malleoli, dorsum of the feet and toes
An ulcer proximal to the medial malleolus with an irregular shape and a red wound bed would most likely be classified as a/an:
neuropathic ulcer
arterial insufficiency ulcer
pressure ulcer
venous insufficiency ulcer
venous insufficiency
A wound located over a bony prominence is most accurately identified as a:
venous ulcer
arterial ulcer
pressure ulcer
neuropathic ulcer
pressure ulcer
What type of wound is depicted in the image?
partial-thickness wound
full-thickness wound
superficial wound
subcutaneous wound
partial thickness
Which lower extremity peri-wound characteristic would suggest that arterial insufficiency is a major contributing factor to the wound development?
moist skin
thin toenails
hairless skin
brusied skin
hairless skin
Which treatment option is most appropriate when treating a venous insufficiency ulcer?
sharp debridement
use of a foam dressing
external compression of the limb
whirlpool irrigation
external compression of the limb
