Ophthalmology - basic steps of examination Flashcards

1
Q

What are some signs of abnormal ocular conformation?

A

Sclera showing
Discharge
Colour change
3rd eyelid protruding
Cloudy

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2
Q

What produces the aqueous humour?

A

Ciliary body

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3
Q

What makes up the neural tunic?

A

Retina

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4
Q

What makes up the vascular tunic?

A

Choroid plexus

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5
Q

What makes up the fibrous tunic?

A

Sclera

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6
Q

Where can you find lists of breeds that are affected by inherited eye diseases?

A

BVA/KC eye scheme

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7
Q

What is the separation between the upper and lower eyelids called?

A

Palpebral fissure

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8
Q

Where is the anterior chamber located?

A

Between the cornea and the lens

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9
Q

Where is the posterior chamber located?

A

Between the iris and the ciliary body

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10
Q

What suspend the lens?

A

Zonules/suspensory ligaments
Ciliary bodies

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11
Q

What is parallax and what is it used for?

A

When the thing that is furthest away will move in the same direction as you
The thing that is closer will move further out the way - move more
Tell whereabouts structures are located in the eye

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12
Q

What is the name of the test which tests for tear production?

A

Schirmer tear test

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13
Q

What is the normal schirmer tear test for dogs?

A

15-25mm in 1 min

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14
Q

What are some tests used in a neurophthalmic exam?

A

Menace response
Visual tracking
Visual placing
Maze test - moving in a new environment

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15
Q

What are some neurophthalmic reflexes?

A

Palpebral reflex
Corneal reflex
Pupillary light reflex
Dazzle reflex
Oculo-cephalic reflex - globe movement with skull

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16
Q

What can be seen on close direct exam?

A

Anterior segment
Eyelids
cornea
Iris
Pupil
Front of lens

17
Q

What dioptre power should you use for converging lenses in an ophthalmoscope?

A

+10/+15/+20 dioptre power
Increased power = increased magnification
But shorter focal distance - need to get closer

18
Q

How can you sample from the conjunctiva or cornea?

A

Sterile cotton bud
Cytobrush

19
Q

What should you do before sampling from the conjunctiva or cornea?

A

Apply local anaesthetic
Do not put diagnostic drops in before sampling

20
Q

What is the normal intraocular pressure of a dogs eye?

A

10-25 mmHg

21
Q

What can you use to dilate the pupil?

A

Mydriatic - 1% tropicamide

22
Q

What is the onset and duration of action of 1% tropicamide?

A

Onset- 10-20 mins
Duration - 6-8 hours

23
Q

Why do you use a mydriatic/pupil dilator?

A

Enables much better view of the fundus

24
Q

How do you do an posterior segment examination (fundus)?

A

Close direct ophthalmoscopy using ophthalmoscope
Indirect ophthalmoscopy

25
Q

What setting should the ophthalmoscope be on to carry out close direct ophthalmoscopy?

A

Setting 0

26
Q

What do you need to carry out indirect ophthalmoscopy?

A

20D/30D Condensing lens - gives a bigger field of view
A light source

27
Q

What does the image look like through a condensing lens?

A

Inverted and reversed