GI - upper tract pathology

Question 1

What type of epithelium lines the GI tract?

Answer 1

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 2

What layer is under the basement membrane?

Answer 2

Lamina propria

Question 3

What are the layers of the GI tract wall?

Answer 3

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia/serosa

Question 4

Where is the adventitia found in the GI tract?

Answer 4

In the oesophagus (thoracic)

Question 5

Where is the serosa found in the GI tract?

Answer 5

Lining the outside of the GI tract in the abdomen

Question 6

What are the two layers of the mucosa?

Answer 6

Epithelium
Lamina propria

Question 7

What is the difference between an erosion and an ulcer at mucosal sites?

Answer 7

Depth - erosion is down to basement membrane, ulcer is deeper into lamina propria

Question 8

What are two common congenital abnormalities of the oral cavity section of GI tract?

Answer 8

Cleft lip and cleft palate

Question 9

What are the consequences of cleft lip or cleft palate?

Answer 9

Impaired suckling
Food entering nasal cavity
Aspiration pneumonia

Question 10

What is the word for a short jaw?

Answer 10

Brachygnathia

Question 11

What is the term for a forward jaw?

Answer 11

Prognathia

Question 12

What are the consequences of abnormal jaw growth?

Answer 12

Malocclusion
Orodental trauma
Abnormal tooth wear/overgrowth
Difficulty feeding

Question 13

What is the term for mouth inflammation?

Answer 13

Stomatitis

Question 14

What is the term for lips inflammation?

Answer 14

Chelitis

Question 15

What is the term for tongue inflammation?

Answer 15

Glossitis

Question 16

What are the classifications of stomatitides?

Answer 16

Vesicular
Erosive/ulcerative
Granulomatous
Necrotising
Lymphoplasmacytic
Papular

Question 17

What is the term used for oral vesicles caused by epitheliotropic viral infections eg. foot and mouth?

Answer 17

Vesicular stomatitides

Question 18

What is a common sequalae of vesicular stomatitides?

Answer 18

Vesicles burst and form erosions/ulcers

Question 19

What can cause oral vesicles in cats?

Answer 19

Feline calicivirus
Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

Question 20

How can renal failure cause stomatitis?

Answer 20

High urea levels - ammonia

Question 21

What bacteria can cause stomatitis/glossitis and pyogranulomatous infection in farm animals secondary to ulcers and wounds in the mouth?

Answer 21

Actinobacillus

Question 22

What bacteria can cause necrotising stomatitis in farm animals?

Answer 22

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 23

What is a cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?

Answer 23

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis

Question 24

What is feline chronic gingivostomatitis?

Answer 24

Severe mucosal inflammation dominated by lymphocytes and plasma cells
Cause unknown - multifactorial?

Question 25

What pathogen causes papular stomatitides?

Answer 25

Parapox viruses eg. Orf

Question 26

What is the other name for orf?

Answer 26

Bovine papular stomatitis

Question 27

What is epulis?

Answer 27

Descriptive term for gingival growth

Question 28

What disease causes REACTIVE gingival tumour like lesions?

Answer 28

Gingival hyperplasia

Question 29

What species is gingival hyperplasia seen in? What breed is predisposed?

Answer 29

Dogs - boxer

Question 30

What causes gingival hyperplasia?

Answer 30

Chronic low grade irritation causing stromal connective tissue to proliferate

Question 31

How does gingival hyperplasia differ from dogs to cats?

Answer 31

Cats it is more multifocal

Question 32

What virus causes non neoplastic hyperplastic epithelial masses in the mouths of dogs?

Answer 32

Canine oral papillomatosis

Question 33

What are the 4 main non neoplastic oral masses?

Answer 33

Gingival hyperplasia Canine oral papillomatosis Feline eosinophilic granuloma Feline chronic gingivostomatitis

Question 34

What two neoplasms arise from dental tissue in the mouth?

Answer 34

Peripheral odontogenic fibroma Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma

Question 35

Where does a peripheral odontogenic fibroma arise from?

Answer 35

Periodontal ligament

Question 36

Where does the canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma arise from?

Answer 36

Odontogenic epithelium - Epithelial cells that line the teeth as they develop and produce the dentine

Question 37

What does canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma present as?

Answer 37

Spiky benign but aggressively invasive masses in rostral mandible

Question 38

What are the main 3 neoplastic tumours that arise from non dental tissue origin in the mouth?

Answer 38

Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma Fibrosarcoma

Question 39

What are the common sites of finding squamous cell carcinoma in cats?

Answer 39

Ventral surface of tongue Gingiva

Question 40

What is the most common malignant oral neoplasm in dogs?

Answer 40

Malignant melanoma

Question 41

What do malignant melanomas look like?

Answer 41

Ulcerated raised/flat structures Can be pigmented black - some not though

Question 42

What are the most common sites of fibrosarcoma in the mouth?

Answer 42

Gingiva Palate

Question 43

What are the 4 salivary glands? Which one is exclusive to dogs and cats?

Answer 43

Parotid Mandibular Sublingual Zygomatic - only dogs and cats

Question 44

What does a salivary tract blockage cause?

Answer 44

A true salivary cyst - dilation of the salivary gland/duct

Question 45

What does a salivary tract rupture cause?

Answer 45

Pseudocyst - sialoceles

Question 46

What is a sialocele?

Answer 46

Saliva pooling in soft tissues of head and neck due to salivary gland duct rupture

Question 47

What is a ranula?

Answer 47

Smooth cystic swelling on the floor of the mouth - size fluctuates

Question 48

What is the term for salivary gland inflammation?

Answer 48

Sialoadenitis

Question 49

What are the 3 types of mechanical oesophagus obstruction?

Answer 49

Intraluminal Intramural - in the wall (stenosis) Extrinsic - external compression

Question 50

What heart defect can cause an extrinsic mechanical oesophageal obstruction?

Answer 50

Aorta developing on the wrong site Ligamentum arteriosum traps oesophagus between trachea and heart base

Question 51

What are the predisposed sites of intraluminal mechanical oesophageal obstruction?

Answer 51

Larynx Thoracic inlet Heart base Diaphragmatic hiatus

Question 52

What are 3 potential consequences of choke?

Answer 52

Scarring Stricture Perioesophageal cellulitus

Question 53

What can cause oesophagitis?

Answer 53

Trauma Virus Reflux Chemical ingestion

Question 54

What toxin can cattle ingest which can cause oesophageal neoplasia?

Answer 54

Brachen fern - carcinogenic

Question 55

What virus can cause oesophageal neoplasia?

Answer 55

Papillomas

Question 56

What is the definition of megaoesophagus?

Answer 56

Dilated HYPERMOTILE oesophagus - cant effectively transport food from pharynx to stomach

Question 57

What is physiologically wrong in megaoesophagus?

Answer 57

Muscle dysfunction - no peristalsis

Question 58

What are the causes of megaoesophagus?

Answer 58

Congenital Idiopathic Neuro disease eg. toxins, trauma, peripheral neuropathies Neuromuscular disease eg. myasthenia gravis Hyperadrenocorticism Prolonged obstruction