GI - upper tract pathology Flashcards
What type of epithelium lines the GI tract?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What layer is under the basement membrane?
Lamina propria
What are the layers of the GI tract wall?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia/serosa
Where is the adventitia found in the GI tract?
In the oesophagus (thoracic)
Where is the serosa found in the GI tract?
Lining the outside of the GI tract in the abdomen
What are the two layers of the mucosa?
Epithelium
Lamina propria
What is the difference between an erosion and an ulcer at mucosal sites?
Depth - erosion is down to basement membrane, ulcer is deeper into lamina propria
What are two common congenital abnormalities of the oral cavity section of GI tract?
Cleft lip and cleft palate
What are the consequences of cleft lip or cleft palate?
Impaired suckling
Food entering nasal cavity
Aspiration pneumonia
What is the word for a short jaw?
Brachygnathia
What is the term for a forward jaw?
Prognathia
What are the consequences of abnormal jaw growth?
Malocclusion
Orodental trauma
Abnormal tooth wear/overgrowth
Difficulty feeding
What is the term for mouth inflammation?
Stomatitis
What is the term for lips inflammation?
Chelitis
What is the term for tongue inflammation?
Glossitis
What are the classifications of stomatitides?
Vesicular
Erosive/ulcerative
Granulomatous
Necrotising
Lymphoplasmacytic
Papular
What is the term used for oral vesicles caused by epitheliotropic viral infections eg. foot and mouth?
Vesicular stomatitides
What is a common sequalae of vesicular stomatitides?
Vesicles burst and form erosions/ulcers
What can cause oral vesicles in cats?
Feline calicivirus
Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex
How can renal failure cause stomatitis?
High urea levels - ammonia
What bacteria can cause stomatitis/glossitis and pyogranulomatous infection in farm animals secondary to ulcers and wounds in the mouth?
Actinobacillus
What bacteria can cause necrotising stomatitis in farm animals?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What is a cause of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis in cats?
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis
What is feline chronic gingivostomatitis?
Severe mucosal inflammation dominated by lymphocytes and plasma cells
Cause unknown - multifactorial?
What pathogen causes papular stomatitides?
Parapox viruses
eg. Orf
What is the other name for orf?
Bovine papular stomatitis
What is epulis?
Descriptive term for gingival growth
What disease causes REACTIVE gingival tumour like lesions?
Gingival hyperplasia
What species is gingival hyperplasia seen in? What breed is predisposed?
Dogs - boxer
What causes gingival hyperplasia?
Chronic low grade irritation causing stromal connective tissue to proliferate
How does gingival hyperplasia differ from dogs to cats?
Cats it is more multifocal
What virus causes non neoplastic hyperplastic epithelial masses in the mouths of dogs?
Canine oral papillomatosis
What are the 4 main non neoplastic oral masses?
Gingival hyperplasia
Canine oral papillomatosis
Feline eosinophilic granuloma
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis
What two neoplasms arise from dental tissue in the mouth?
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma
Canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma
Where does a peripheral odontogenic fibroma arise from?
Periodontal ligament
Where does the canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma arise from?
Odontogenic epithelium - Epithelial cells that line the teeth as they develop and produce the dentine
What does canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma present as?
Spiky benign but aggressively invasive masses in rostral mandible
What are the main 3 neoplastic tumours that arise from non dental tissue origin in the mouth?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
Fibrosarcoma
What are the common sites of finding squamous cell carcinoma in cats?
Ventral surface of tongue
Gingiva
What is the most common malignant oral neoplasm in dogs?
Malignant melanoma
What do malignant melanomas look like?
Ulcerated raised/flat structures
Can be pigmented black - some not though
What are the most common sites of fibrosarcoma in the mouth?
Gingiva
Palate
What are the 4 salivary glands? Which one is exclusive to dogs and cats?
Parotid
Mandibular
Sublingual
Zygomatic - only dogs and cats
What does a salivary tract blockage cause?
A true salivary cyst - dilation of the salivary gland/duct
What does a salivary tract rupture cause?
Pseudocyst - sialoceles
What is a sialocele?
Saliva pooling in soft tissues of head and neck due to salivary gland duct rupture
What is a ranula?
Smooth cystic swelling on the floor of the mouth - size fluctuates
What is the term for salivary gland inflammation?
Sialoadenitis
What are the 3 types of mechanical oesophagus obstruction?
Intraluminal
Intramural - in the wall (stenosis)
Extrinsic - external compression
What heart defect can cause an extrinsic mechanical oesophageal obstruction?
Aorta developing on the wrong site
Ligamentum arteriosum traps oesophagus between trachea and heart base
What are the predisposed sites of intraluminal mechanical oesophageal obstruction?
Larynx
Thoracic inlet
Heart base
Diaphragmatic hiatus
What are 3 potential consequences of choke?
Scarring
Stricture
Perioesophageal cellulitus
What can cause oesophagitis?
Trauma
Virus
Reflux
Chemical ingestion
What toxin can cattle ingest which can cause oesophageal neoplasia?
Brachen fern - carcinogenic
What virus can cause oesophageal neoplasia?
Papillomas
What is the definition of megaoesophagus?
Dilated HYPERMOTILE oesophagus - cant effectively transport food from pharynx to stomach
What is physiologically wrong in megaoesophagus?
Muscle dysfunction - no peristalsis
What are the causes of
megaoesophagus?
Congenital
Idiopathic
Neuro disease eg. toxins, trauma, peripheral neuropathies
Neuromuscular disease eg. myasthenia gravis
Hyperadrenocorticism
Prolonged obstruction
