Diagnostic imaging - urogenital Flashcards
What organs of the urogenital tract can and cant you see?
Can see - kidneys, bladder
May see - prostate, uterus
Cant see - ureters, urethra, ovaries
Where are kidney located on radiograph? Which is more cranial?
Cranial to mid-dorsal abdomen - right is usually cranial to left
How do you measure kidney size?
Relative to length of L2 - dogs are 2.5-3.5 x longer
Where does the bladder sit on radiograph? What is abnormal?
Lies entirely within abdomen
Neck level with pelvic brim
If neck is in pelvis then abnormal - female incontinence
What can change the opacity of the bladder?
Radiopaque calculi
Emphysematous cystitis - gas production decreases opacity(associated with diabetes)
What can you identify on retrograde contrast study of the urethra?
Rupture
Urethritis
Stricture
Tumour
What does an abnormal prostate look like on radiograph?
Intra-abdominal
What are the differentials for an enlarged prostate?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostatitis
Abscess
Neoplasia
What can cause a soft tissue mass in caudal abdomen near the prostate?
Paraprostatic cyst
What can you see on radiograph if there is a prostatic abscess?
Gas bubbles
What does the uterus look like when pregnant?
5-6 weeks - large coiled tubular structure
6-6.5 weeks - foetal mineralisation
What is a sign of lack of foetal viability?
Overlapping cranial bones (spaldings sign)
What urinary tract contrast studies can you do?
IV urography - kidney, ureters etc.
Cystography - bladder
Urethrography - urethra
What contrast should you use for urinary tract?
Water soluble iodinated contrast
NEVER barium - cant use IV
When do you do an excretory urography?
Persistant UTIs
Urinary incontinence
Haematuria
Suspected renal abnormalities
When do you take the radiographs for an excretory urography?
Immediately - nephrogram
5 mins - pyelogram (renal pelvis)
10 mins - ureterogram
15 mins - ureterovesicular junction
What are the complications of an excretory urography?
Contrast-induced renal failure - uncommon, wont go opaque, usually reversible with fluids
Anaphylaxis
What do renal cysts look like?
Oval structures of radioopacity or radiolucency in the kidney
What is it called when the renal pelvis is very dilated?
Hydronephrosis
What kinds of cystography can you do?
Pneumocystogram - air only
Positive contrast cystogram - iodinated contrast
Double contrast cystogram - both iodine and air
What can you see on pneumocystogram?
Bladder location
Large masses
Marked thickening
What can you see on positive contrast cystogram?
Leakage
What can you see on double contrast cystogram?
Delineation of wall and content
What are the indications for cystography?
Dysuria
Haematuria
Persistent UTIs
Pelvic trauma
Locate bladder
What are the complications of cystography?
Iatrogenic rupture - overfilled
Damage to mucosa by catheter tip
Knotting of catheter - if too long, need to operate
Catheterise ureter/ectopic ureter - pyelonephritis
Air embolism - into blood vessel accidentally
What can you see on urethrogram?
Ectopic ureter - bypassing bladder neck and merging with urethra
Urethral neoplasia
Urethral rupture
