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CVSOH BVSc4 > Dermatology - pruritus and allergy > Flashcards

Dermatology - pruritus and allergy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the itch scratch cycle?

A

When the mechanical effect of scratching temporarily stops the sensation of pruritus
The itch then gets worse from the self trauma

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2
Q

What can help to stop the sensation of pruritus?

A

Interleukins
eg. cytopoint is a interleukin 31 monoclonal antibody

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3
Q

What are flare factors?

A

Influences to the perception of pruritus

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4
Q

What are some examples of pruritus?

A

Microbial overgrowth/infection
Fleas
Dry skin
Sweating/moist skin
Psychological factors

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5
Q

What are some visual signs of pruritus in animals?

A

Licking, rolling, nibbling, pulling hair
Can look like grooming

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6
Q

What is a common dermatological hypersensitivity in horses?

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity -sweet itch

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7
Q

When does culicoides hypersensitivity usually occur?

A

April to october

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8
Q

Where does culicoides hypersensitivity usually occur?

A

Mane, tail, lateral neck

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9
Q

What drugs can you give for culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

Permethrin or cypermethrin
Antiinflammatories - antihistamines and glucocorticoids

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10
Q

What causes canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Genetically inherited inflammatory syndrome
Familial inheritance

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11
Q

What is canine atopic dermatitis typically associated with?

A

Antigen specific IgE antibodies to environmental allergens

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12
Q

When do signs of canine atopic dermatitis usually occur?

A

From 1-3 years
Rare before 6 months or after 6 years
Mostly indoors

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13
Q

Where does pruritis usually affect?

A

Face, feet, groin and axillla

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14
Q

What are the primary dermatological signs from canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Erythema and papules

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15
Q

What are common secondary infections from canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Bacterial
Malassezia infection

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16
Q

What diagnostic criteria are specific to canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Pruritus is glucocorticoid responsive
Pruritus is major or only signs
Front feet and concave aspect of pinnae are affected
Ear margins are not affected

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17
Q

What is a desensitising treatment of canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Allergen specific immunotherapy

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18
Q

What is allergen specific immunotherapy?

A

Subcut injections to desensitise to environmental allergens

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19
Q

What topical treatment is there for canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Glucocorticoids
Cyclosporin
Apoquel
Cytopoint
Antihistamines

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20
Q

What is the name for food allergy?

A

Cutaneous adverse food reaction

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of cutaneous adverse food reaction?

A

Mimic atopic dermatitis
Pruritus
Otitis externa, bacterial infections alongside

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22
Q

How do you diagnose cutaneous adverse food reaction?

A

Use hydrolysed diet, or home cooked novel protein for 8 weeks
Then rechallenge with original diet

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23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of pyoderma?

A

Intraepidermal pustules - often broken open
Epidermal collarette - caused by peripheral spread of lesions

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24
Q

What are common underlying disorders causing pyoderma?

A

Ectoparasites
Allergy - atopic dermatitis
Endocrinopathies eg. hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism

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25
Q

What is deep pyoderma?

A

When infection spreads into the dermis

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26
Q

What is the treatment of choice for pyoderma?

A

Clip coat, remove scale, crust
Topical therapy - chlorhexidine 10 min soak 2-3 times weekly

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27
Q

What should you do if pyoderma reoccurs?

A

Culture and sensitivity of intact pustule
Good for antibiotic resistance eg. MRSP (same as MRSA)

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28
Q

What is an equine microbial infection in the epidermis of the feet?

A

Dermatophilosis (mud fever)

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29
Q

What does dermatophilosis (mud fever) cause?

A

Pain (rather than pruritis)
Matted hair
Crusts, erosions
Fissuring
Lameness in horses

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30
Q

What is to note about dermatophilosis?

A

It is zoonotic
Not the same as dermatophytosis

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31
Q

How do you diagnose dermatophilosis?

A

Take smears from underside of crusts
Will show gram positive bacteria with branching filaments - ‘tram track appearance’

32
Q

How do you treat dermatophilosis?

A

Remove predisposing factors eg. moisture, biting insects, abrasive pasture
Clean area with chlorhexidine
3-5 day course of penicillin

33
Q

What is dermatophilosis called in large animals?

A

“Mycotic” dermatitis - but not fungal

34
Q

What is malassezia?

A

An opportunistic lipid-dependent yeast pathogen normally found in ear canal, chin and interdigital areas of dogs

35
Q

What are predisposing factors for malassezia?

A

Skin folds creating moisture
Allergic/bacterial skin disease

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of malassezia?

A

Severe pruritus
Oily scale, malodour
Ventral distribution - feet, face, skin folds, perianal region
Otitis externa

37
Q

How do you diagnose malassezia?

A

Impression smears with a dry swab
Or direct slide contact

38
Q

What does malassezia look like on cytology?

A

Peanut or foot shape

39
Q

How do you treat malassezia?

A

Topical shampoos - chlorhexidine, miconazole
Twice weekly

40
Q

What are the 4 clinical syndromes of allergic dermatitis in cats ?

A

Symmetrical alopecia - self induced
Papular/miliary dermatitis
Ulcerative dermatitis - self trauma
Eosinophilic dermatoses - granuloma complex

41
Q

What can cause miliary dermatitis in cats? Differential diagnoses

A

Flea bite hypersensitivity
Food allergy
Feline atopic skin syndrome
Ectoparasites
Dermatophytosis

42
Q

What makes up the eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

Eosinophilic ulcer
Eosinophilic plaque
Granuloma

43
Q

What is an eosinophilic plaque?

A

A pruritic raised ulcerated plaque-like lesion
Due to allergic skin disease
Usually in younger cats

44
Q

What often accompanies eosinophilic plaques?

A

A circulating eosinophilia - lots of eosinophils in the skin

45
Q

What is the most likely cause of eosinophilic plaques in cats?

A

Flea allergy

46
Q

What is an eosinophilic ulcer?

A

Unilateral or bilateral ulcers on the philtrum of the upper lip
Large, easily recognised
Not usually painful
Need to biopsy to rule out biopsy or infections

47
Q

What are indolent ulcers?

A

Same as eosinophilic ulcers

48
Q

What is the treatment for eosinophilic ulcers?

A

Just leave untreated if not bothering the cat
Treat the underlying cause

49
Q

What is an eosinophilic (linear) granuloma?

A

Idiopathic nodular granulomas
Associated with peripheral circulating eosinophilia

50
Q

Where are eosinophilic (linear) granulomas found?

A

In the oral cavity on the tongue, hard palate
On chin and lower lip - ‘pout’
Can also be found on the medial aspect of the forelegs or caudal thighs
Associated with skin grooming pathways

51
Q

How do you treat eosinophilic (linear) granulomas?

A

Surgical debulking
Glucocorticoids
But difficult to treat

52
Q

What are the clinical signs of cutaneous adverse food reaction in cats?

A

Non seasonal pruritus
Miliary dermatitis
Symmetrical alopecia

53
Q

What is the equivalent of atopic dermatitis in cats?

A

Feline atopic skin syndrome

54
Q

How is best to treat pruritic cats?

A

Gulcocorticoids - prednisolone
Ciclosporin - expensive

55
Q

What steroid dose do you give cats for an antiinflammatory effect?

A

Initial dose 1-2mg/kg/day of prednisolone

56
Q

What dose do you give cats for an immunosuppressive effect?

A

Initial dose >4mg/kg/day of prednisolone

57
Q

What are some side effects of long term glucocorticoid therapy?

A

PUPD
Weight gain
Diabetes mellitus
Gastric ulceration
Bacterial cystitis
Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism
Dermatophytosis
Demodicosis

58
Q

What is the name for the cat flea?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

59
Q

What types of hypersensitivity reactions occur in flea bite hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Type 1 and type 4

60
Q

What are cats sensitised to in flea bite hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Sensitised to the antigenic components of flea saliva

61
Q

How can you tell if cats have fleas?

A

Flea excreta - cats are very efficient at removing fleas by grooming

62
Q

What can you use to treat fleas?

A

Pymethrin/pyrethroids
Neonicotinoids
Fipronil
Macrocyclic lactones
Isoxazolines

63
Q

What are some factors that can influence efficacy of flea control?

A

Formulation
Hair coat length
Bathing/swimming
Use of insecticidal products
Insect growth development inhibitors

64
Q

What are some mechanical control measures of flea infestation?

A

Vacuuming - 30-60% of eggs removed
Do not shampoo or steam clean carpets - humidity not good

65
Q

How do you diagnose sarcoptes scabiei?

A

Scrape

66
Q

How do you treat sarcoptes scabiei?

A

Macrocyclic lactones and isoxazolines

67
Q

What does chorioptic mange cause?

A

Pruritus, alopecia, scale crust in large animals

68
Q

Where does chorioptic mange affect horses?

A

Lower legs

69
Q

Where does chorioptic mange affect cows?

A

Tail base, udder

70
Q

Where does chorioptic mange affect alpacas?

A

Tail base
Ventral abdomen
Medial limbs
Ears

71
Q

How do you treat chorioptic mange?

A

Treat all affected and in contact animals
Treat environment

72
Q

How long do you need to treat chorioptic mange for?

A

6 weeks - two life cycles

73
Q

How do you treat chorioptes in camelids?

A

Ivermectin
Fibronil spray

74
Q

What is a louse infection called?

A

Pediculosis

75
Q

How do you treat pediculosis?

A

Synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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