Dentistry - basics, nerve blocks, extraction Flashcards
What are the different layers of a tooth?
Outer - enamel
Middle - dentine
Inside - pulp
What is the term for in the direction of the top of the tooth?
Coronal
What is the part of the root above the gingiva called?
Crown
What is the term for in the direction of the tip of the root called?
Apical
What is the hardest tissue in the body?
The enamel
What makes up the majority of the tooth?
The dentine
What mineralised connective tissue covers the root of the tooth?
Cementum
What is the term for the surface of the tooth that is on the outside against the cheek?
Buccal/labial
What is the space between the free gingiva and the tooth called?
The gingival sulcus
What attaches the tooth to the bone and is a shock absorber during mastication?
Periodontal ligament
What is the triadan number for a dogs upper right canine tooth?
104
What is the triadan number for a dogs lower left carnassial tooth?
309
What teeth are missing/not present in cats compared to dogs?
105 and 205 - the first maxillary premolar teeth
How many roots does 102 have in a dog?
1 - incisor
How many roots does 108 have in a dog?
3 - carnassial
How many roots does 408 have in a dog?
2 - lower premolar
How many roots does 307 have in a dog?
2 - lower premolar
What triadan number is the first lower molar in a dog?
309/409
How many roots does 106 have in a cat?
1 - small premolar
How many roots does 208 have in a cat?
3 - upper carnassial
How many roots does 209 have in a cat?
1 - small molar at the back
How many roots does 309 have in a cat?
2 - last molar at the back at the bottom
Why is dental radiography important?
Can only see part of tooth
Cant provide proper complete care without it
What two techniques are used to take radiographs?
Parallel technique
Bisecting angle technique
What is the bisecting angle technique when taking dental x rays?
A specific angle worked out to create a shadow of the teeth
What is the angle the x ray beam is to the plate used for the parallel technique?
90 degrees - the object is parallel to the image plate
How do you stop roots of 3 rooted teeth being superimposed?
Shift the x ray beam horizontally
What is the SLOB rule for superimposing teeth?
Same Lingual Opposite Buccal
The root more lingual will be imaged in the same direction as the tube is shifted
The buccal root will shift the opposite way
What is seen as a radiolucent line on the mandible?
Mandibular canal
What is the name of the wall of the tooth socket?
Lamina dura
What looks different about young permanent teeth on radiograph?
Wide pulp
Narrow dentine
Open apex - closed after 12 months of age
What looks different about deciduous teeth on radiograph?
Smaller
Narrow roots
What pathologic changes to teeth can be seen on radiograph due to periodontitis?
Periodontitis -
Periodontal ligament space widening
Bone loss
Periapical lucency
What pathology cant be seen on radiograph?
Gingivitis - soft tissue
What are some pathological changes seen on radiograph after tooth trauma?
Fractured roots
Endodontitis - tooth dying
Jaw damage
Luxated teeth - out of normal place
What are the two different types of local anaesthesia used in dentistry?
Splash block - local
Nerve block - regional
What drug is used for local anaesthesia in dentistry?
Lidocaine
(Bupivicaine - slower onset longer duration)
What are some risks of local anaesthetic used in dentistry?
Damage to neurovascular bundle
Haematoma
Occular trauma - inject into eye
Accidental IV injection
What nerve block do you use to block the entire maxilla?
Maxillary nerve block
What are the different approaches used for a maxillary nerve block? Which is safest?
Intraoral approach
Transcutaneous approach - safest
What nerve block blocks the upper canine and front teeth only?
Infraorbital nerve block
What is the risk of doing an infraorbital nerve block?
Risk to eye if put needle into canal too far
What nerve block blocks the entire mandible?
Inferior alveolar (caudal mandibular) nerve block
What are the two approaches used for the inferior alveolar nerve block?
Intraoral
Transcutaneous
(same as maxillary)
What is the risk of doing an inferior alveolar nerve block?
Risk of hitting the lingual nerve desensitising the tongue
Avoid by guiding needle as close to bone as possible
What nerve block blocks just the lip and rostral soft tissues?
Mental nerve block
What are the risks/drawbacks of the mental nerve block?
Needle entry into mental foramen can cause nerve damage
Not very useful - use inferior alveolar instead
What are some dental specific anaesthetic considerations?
Wet procedure - keep warm
Long GA - may need extra fluids
Multimodal analgesia needed
Do in prep
What are the 5 steps of a scale and polish?
- Lavage - chlorhexidine
- Crack off calculus
- Ultrasonic scaling
- Hand scaling
- Polishing
What tool do you use for hand scaling? What does it look like?
Subgingival curette - rounded back to probe so doesnt damage soft tissues
How do you prep for a tooth extraction?
Get consent
Pre-op radiographs
Nerve blocks
What is a closed extraction?
Extraction without incising the gingiva
What are the indications for a closed extraction?
Small single rooted teeth
Significant bone loss
What is a surgical extraction?
Create flap, remove alveolar bone
What are the indications for a surgical extraction?
Multirooted teeth
Canine teeth
Root abnormalities
Periodontal lig still attached
What suture should you use to suture flap closed?
Small monofilament absorbable suture - 4-0 or 4-0 monocryl
Reverse cutting needle
What are the different types of home care dentistry?
Active - brushing, rinsing
Passive - food, chews
