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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - Upper GI tract disorders > Flashcards

GI - Upper GI tract disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What does dysphagia mean?

A

Difficulty swallowing

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2
Q

What does odynophagia mean?

A

Painful swallowing

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3
Q

What are signs of odynophagia?

A

Opening mouth
Vocalising
Bucking away from food

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4
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Passive return of food - no effort required

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5
Q

Which type of dysphagia is easier to recognise/diagnose?

A

Structural dysphagia - a structural abnormality
Rather than functional dysphagia - everything looks normal but neuromuscular dysfunction

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6
Q

What can cause halitosis?

A

Oropharyngeal inflammation/necrosis
Pulmonary disease
Gastric disease
Metabolic disease - ammonia

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7
Q

What is ptyalism?

A

Increased saliva production

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8
Q

What is pseudoptyalism?

A

Normal saliva production but cant swallow/clear from mouth - causes drooling

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9
Q

What can cause ptyalism/hypersalivation?

A

Painful oral disease
Drugs
Nausea
GI acid reflux
Rabies

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10
Q

What should you do if you find an oral mass?

A

Biopsy - cant tell difference between inflammatory and neoplastic lesions

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11
Q

What disease causes animals to be unable to open their jaw properly?

A

Masticatory muscle myositis

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12
Q

What is masticatory muscle myositis?

A

An immune mediated disease which targets muscle fibres of masticatory muscles causing extreme inflammation, atrophy and fibrosis

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13
Q

How do you treat masticatory muscle myositis?

A

Immunosuppression - prednisolone
Soft food

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14
Q

What is the prognosis of masticatory muscle myositis?

A

Good - especially if caught in the acute phase

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15
Q

What is the name for inflammation of the salivary gland?

A

Sialadenitis - inflammation
Sialadenosis - unknown (maybe form of limbic epilepsy), non inflammatory

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16
Q

What clinical signs can salivary gland disease cause?

A

Hypersalivation
Swelling and pain
Gagging
Retrobulbar effect - swelling pushes back of eyelids

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17
Q

How do you treat non-inflammatory sialadenosis?

A

Phenobarbitone

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18
Q

What insect can cause extreme irritation and destruction of mouth?

A

Oak processionary moth caterpillar

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19
Q

What are some primary clinical signs of dysphagia?

A

Difficulty forming a bolus
Excessive jaw/head motion
Dropping food
Drooling
Gagging

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20
Q

What are the secondary clinical signs of dysphagia?

A

Failure to thrive
Nasal discharge
Coughing
Halitosis

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21
Q

How should you investigate focal mass lesions?

A

Anaesthetic
Radiograph jaw, head and chest
Aspirate local lymph nodes
Biopsy for histopath

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21
Q

How should you investigate diffuse gingivostomatitis?

A

Do a dental and radiographs
Take oral swabs for feline herpesvirus and feline calicivirus
FIV and FeLV ELIZA

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22
Q

What test can you do for masticatory muscle myositis?

A

2M antibodies

23
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used to localise dysphagia?

A

Contrast study (contraindicated due to aspiration)
Fluoroscopy swallow study
Endoscopy

24
Q

What are the names of the sphincters controlling normal oesophageal function?

A

Upper and lower oesophageal sphincter

25
Q

What nerve detects oesophageal distention and stimulates contraction?

A

Vagus nerve

26
Q

What is extreme oesophageal dysfunction called?

A

Megaoesophagus

27
Q

What disease means stomach contents reenter the oesophagus?

A

Gastro/oesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

28
Q

What causes GERD?

A

Hiatal hernia
Lower oesophageal sphincter dysfunction
Underlying chronic enteropathy

29
Q

What can cause lower oesophageal sphincter dysfunction?

A

Breed disposition - brachys
Local oesophagitis - acid reflux perpetual cycle

30
Q

Why can a hiatal hernia cause GERD?

A

Stomach able to move between thorax and abdomen - affects oesophagus

31
Q

What can cause/exacerbate oesophagitis?

A

Anaesthetic - sphincter relaxes
Chronic GERD
Post oesophageal trauma - hot food, foreign body, stricture
After vomiting

32
Q

What can be caused after oesophageal healing?

A

Stricture

33
Q

What can cause megaoesophagus proximal to the heart base?

A

Vascular ring anomalies - aorta develops on the wrong side so ligamentum arteriosum tethers oesophagus to heart base

34
Q

how should you take radiographs to assess oesophageal function?

A

Conscious - drugs cause muscles to relax so can look like megaoesophagus

35
Q

What are the two main diffuse megaoesophagus differentials?

A

Myasthenia gravis
Diffuse oesophagitis

36
Q

What can cause focal megaoesophagus?

A

Obstruction
Vacular ring anomaly
foreign body
Stricture

37
Q

What pattern can occur on contrast radiography of the oesophagus in cats?

A

Herring bone pattern - normal

38
Q

What can contrast radiography of the oesophagus cause?

A

Aspiration pneumonia - so is contraindicated

39
Q

When should you not do endoscopy of the oesophagus?

A

Megaoesophagus - requires an anaesthetic which is bad for them

40
Q

When should you do endoscopy of the oesophagus?

A

To retrieve a foreign body
To evaluate for hiatal hernia
To evaluate for or dilate a stricture

41
Q

How do you dilate a stricture?

A

Balloon catheter into the middle and then dilate using increasing sizes of balloons

42
Q

What breed of dog is predisposed to craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

West highland white terrier

43
Q

What clinical signs does craniomandibular osteopathy cause?

A

Pain/difficulty opening jaw, limited range of motion in jaw

44
Q

What is the treatment for craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

There is none for the bone remodelling
Supportive management
Spontaneously resolves at 1 year old usually

45
Q

What are the 3 types of myasthenia gravis?

A

Generalised - exercise intolerance +/- megaeosophagus
Focal - just megaoesophagus
Fulminant - acute onset, resp muscle failure and death

46
Q

What test do you do for myasthenia gravis?

A

AChR antibody blood test

47
Q

What is cricopharyngeal achalasia?

A

Congenital neuromuscular disorder of the cricopharyngeal muscles (upper oesophageal sphincter)
Causes failure to coordinate normal passage of food through the pharynx

48
Q

What are the signs of cricopharyngeal achalasia?

A

Dysphagia since a puppy
Repetitive failed swallowing attempts

49
Q

What is the treatment for myasthenia gravis?

A

Anticholinesterase drugs - pyridostigmine

50
Q

What is the management for GERD?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter drugs
Weight management
Acid blockers
Diet modification - low fat

51
Q

What is the management for megaoesophagus?

A

Positional feeding
NOT lower oesophageal drugs

52
Q

What drug is an acid blocker?

A

Omeprazole - proton pump inhibitor

53
Q

What drug is a lower oesophageal drug?

A

Cisapride

54
Q

How is oesophagitis managed?

A

Acid blockers - omeprazole
Coating agent - sucralfate
Lower oesophageal sphincter drug - cisapride
drug that facilitates gastric emptying - metaclopramide
Analgesia (NOT NSAIDs) - paracetamol

55
Q

How should you administer sucralfate? Why?

A

1 hour before feeding
At different time to acid blockers - stops them being absorbed as coats lining

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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