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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - Bovine pathology > Flashcards

GI - Bovine pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What should you consider if you find vesicles?

A

Foot and mouth

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2
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth disease which is a notifiable disease?

A

Vesicular stomatitis (rhabdoveridae) - indistinguishable from foot and mouth without lab conformation

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3
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth which is usually not a clinically significant infection but is zoonotic?

A

Bovine papular stomatitis (poxveridae)

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4
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth which can cause acute stomatitis with a thin grey film of catarrhal exudate on the mouth mucosa?

A

Bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease (Pestivirus) - BVD

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5
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth that involves the whole alimentary tract with focal areas of necrosis, erosion and ulceration?

A

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

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6
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth that causes corneal opacity, mouth ulceration and nasal discharge in cattle, but is asymptomatic in sheep?

A

Malignant catarrhal fever

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7
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth that is transmitted by culicoides and causes ischaemic necrosis and ulceration/necrosis from vascular damage?

A

Bluetongue

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8
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth that is a secondary bacterial invader following mucosal damage, causing ulceration and necrosis in the mouth?

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum - calf diphtheria

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9
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth that causes pyogranulomatous lesions and abnormal production of granulation tissue in the tongue?

A

Wooden tongue - actinobacillus (gram negative commensal)

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10
Q

What is a differential for foot and mouth that causes pyogranulomatous mandibular and maxillary osteomyelitis?

A

Lumpy jaw - actinomyces bovis (gram positive bacteria)

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11
Q

What are the different types of stomatitis?

A

Vesicular
Erosive/ulcerative
Necrotising
Lymphoplasmacytic
Granulomatous
Papular

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12
Q

What is primary tympany?

A

Frothy bloat - when foam prevents gas from being eructated

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13
Q

What causes primary tympany?

A

Eating high levels of legumes eg. alfalfa and clover
These contain soluble proteins which get denatured by the ruminal microflora and become insoluble creating foam

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14
Q

What are the consequences of ruminal tympany?

A

Distended rumen activates the vago-vagal reflex which compromises respiratory function and other organs

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15
Q

What is secondary ruminal tympany?

A

Generally chronic physical or functional defect in eructation

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16
Q

What are some causes of secondary ruminal tympany?

A

Vagal damage
Failure of oesophageal groove closure - ruminal drinkers (bucket fed calves
FB/tumour/obstruction

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17
Q

What can be mistaken for ruminal tympany?

A

Post mortem rumen distention

18
Q

What is the normal rumen pH?

A

6-7

19
Q

What pH means ruminal acidosis?

A

Less than pH=5

20
Q

What causes ruminal acidosis?

A

High carb/fermentable feedstuff diet

21
Q

How does high carbohydrate diet cause ruminal acidosis?

A

High carbs produce lots of fatty acids which reduce the pH
The good bacteria die and gram negative bacteria are favoured, especially lactobacillus

22
Q

What are the consequences of ruminal acidosis?

A

Ruminal atony - volatile fatty acids inhibit receptors of motility via vasovagal reflex
Increased osmotic pressure in rumen - fluids move in causing dehydration, shock and death
Secondary fusobacterium infection - necrosis, embolise to liver

23
Q

How can fungi affect the rumen?

A

Mycotic rumenitis - very serious
Opportunist fungi grow and penetrate the rumen wall causing peritonitis

24
Q

What side does tee abomasum usually go to during abomasum displacement?

A

Left

25
Q

What are the predisposing factors to abomasum displacement?

A

Abomasal atony - enteric nervous system problems

26
Q

What concurrent problems can you get with abomasum displacement?

A

Hypocalcaemia
Ketosis
Metritis/retained placenta

27
Q

What type of abomasum displacement can progress to abomasa volvulus?

A

Right displacement - rotates around loop of omasum and duodenum

28
Q

What are the consequences of abomasum volvulus?

A

Chloride build up - metabolic alkalosis
Necrotic ischaemia
Rupture
Nerve damage

29
Q

What is thought to cause abomasal ulceration in calves?

A

Dietary change - weaning, stress

30
Q

What is thought to cause abomasal ulceration in dairy cows?

A

Post partum
Concurrent disease

31
Q

What factors cause abomasitis?

A

Not enough colostrum - failure of passive transfer
Rapid diet change, high volume feeds
Causes bacterial overgrowth

32
Q

What bacteria overgrow most during abomasitis?

A

Clostridia
More common in sheep

33
Q

What other pathogen causes abomasitis?

A

Parasite ostertagiosis

34
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of diarrhoea?

A

Secretion
Malabsorptive
Increased permeability/effusion
Altered motility

35
Q

What pathogen causes altered secretion and absorption of electrolytes and water by enterocytes but there is minimal/no damage to the mucosa?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

36
Q

What pathogen affects young animals and humans by causing villus atrophy?

A

Cryptosporidium

37
Q

What pathogen causes lysis/exfoliation of enterocytes which decreases absorption of sodium, glucose and water?

A

Rotavirus

38
Q

How does salmonella cause diarrhoea?

A

invades enterocytes inducing apoptosis and neutrophil recruitment
Tissue injury, inflammation and vascular damage causes loss of mucosal integrity

39
Q

What disease infects macrophages to cause focal granulomatous inflammation, villus atrophy and therefore malabsorption and excess secretion into the gut?

A

Johne’s disease

40
Q

Where does johnes disease invade the gut epithelium?

A

Ileal peyers patches

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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