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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - equine diarrhoea > Flashcards

GI - equine diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

Where does diarrhoea always originate from in horses?

A

Large intestine

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2
Q

How much fluid enters the GI tract and is absorbed in the LI in 24 hours in a horse?

A

100L / 24 hours

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3
Q

What is the term for bowel inflammation?

A

Colitis

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4
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of diarrhoea from inflammation in horses?

A

Malabsorption
Increased secretion
Decreased transit time

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5
Q

What does GIINANDDTONIICC stand for?

A

Genetic
Infection
Inflammation
Neurologic
Autoimmune
Nutritional
Developmental
Degenerative
Trauma
Ormonal (hormonal)
Neoplastic
Iatrogenic
Idiopathic
Cardiovascular
Chemical and toxic

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6
Q

What are the main differentials of chronic colitis?

A

Chronic salmonellosis
Parasites - strongyles, cyathostomes
Sand eating
Inflammatory bowel disease
Neoplasia - lymphoma
NSAIDs

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7
Q

What are the main differentials for acute colitis?

A

Salmonella, clostridia
Cyathostomes
Rotavirus - foals
Nutritional - diet change
Idiopathic
NSAIDs

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of acute diarrhoea?

A

Idiopathic - most acute colitis

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9
Q

What tests should you do in diarrhoea cases to assess dehydration?

A

Heart rate - skin tent doesnt work
Can do PCV/TP in lab

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10
Q

What test can you do for protein lost?

A

Total proteins and albumin

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11
Q

What tests should you do to find the cause of the diarrhoea?

A

Faecal sample - for bacteriology and egg count (for strongyles)
Biopsy - rectal or intestinal
Abdominoparacentesis
Abdominal ultrasound

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12
Q

What can you evaluate for on a GI biopsy?

A

IBD
Neoplasia
Culture - salmonella
Encysted cyathostomes

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13
Q

When should you do an intestinal biopsy? How do you do it?

A

In chronic cases if rectal biopsy was unrewarding - not common
Standing or GA - laparoscopy or laparotomy

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14
Q

What is an abdominoparacentesis?

A

Belly tap

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15
Q

What can you evaluate for on abdominoparacentesis?

A

Neoplasia - lymphoma, SCC
Inflammatory cells - IBD

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16
Q

How do you treat chronic diarrhoea?

A

Horse usually stable so reach diagnosis then treat the cause

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17
Q

How do you treat dehydration due to acute diarrhoea?

A

Make a fluid plan
IV fluids
Monitor

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18
Q

How do you treat electrolyte and acid base imbalance in horses with acute diarrhoea?

A

Feed
Hydrate
Then spike fluid bags

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19
Q

How do you treat hypoproteinaemia in horses with acute diarrhoea?

A

Plasma transfusion
(expensive)

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20
Q

How do you treat endotoxaemia in horses with acute diarrhoea? What are the risks?

A

Flunixin - anti-endotoxic drug
Can cause colitis itself - balance risk of laminitis with risk of increasing colitis
Polymyxin B - binds LPS

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21
Q

How do you treat bacteraemia/bacterial overgrowth in horses with acute diarrhoea?

A

If sick/toxic give penicillin, gentamycin, metronidazole
Take faecal and blood culture

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22
Q

What is transfaunation?

A

Filter faeces from a healthy horse from the sick horses hone environment
Then nasogastric tube it several times

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23
Q

What drugs can you give to encourage blood flow to the colon wall in horses with acute diarrhoea?

A

Prostaglandin agonists:
Oral sucralfate
Oral misoprostal

24
Q

What parasite causes massive inflammatory reaction, severe diarrhoea and often death in horses when they all emerge at once?

A

Cyathostomes

25
Q

What do cyathostomes look like?

A

Small redworm

26
Q

Where do the cyathostomes encyst? For how long?

A

Encyst in the large intestinal mucosa for 2-3 years

27
Q

How do you treat cyathostomiasis?

A

Moxidectin - be careful of inflammation from dead worms causing colitis
Concurrent corticosteroids to reduce inflammation

28
Q

What worm parasite affects foals through dams milk causing diarrhoea 6 months later?

A

Strongyloides westeri

29
Q

What are the 4 clinical syndromes for salmonella in horses?

A

Latent/active carrier
Depression, fever, anorexia, neutropenia but no diarrhoea or colic
Acute enterocolitis with diarrhoea
Septicaemia with/without diarrhoea

30
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Faeco-oral transmission
Persists in environment

31
Q

What are the signs of acute enterocolitis due to salmonella in horses?

A

Fever, anorexia
Endotoxaemia - shock, laminitis, thrombophlebitis
Pink gums
Diarrhoea - 24-48 hours after pyrexia
Dehydration
Colic

32
Q

When should you isolate a horse under suspicion of salmonella?

A

If it has any two of
Pyrexia
Depression
Diarrhoea
Leukopenia

33
Q

What is the prognosis of salmonella?

A

Need aggressive treatment - can be complications, become carriers, develop chronic salmonellosis
Poor if persists more than 4-5 weeks

34
Q

What can trigger clostridia infection in horse GI tract?

A

Antibiotic administration

35
Q

Are clostridia normally found in the gut?

A

Yes, but not those producing enterotoxin

36
Q

What does lawsonia intracellularis cause in horses? When?

A

Proliferative protein-losing enteropathy in small intestine, diarrhoea

37
Q

How does lawsonia intracellularis cause diarrhoea in horses?

A

Alters nutrient absorption and fluid secretion by disrupting villi and stopping epithelial cells maturing into absorptive cells

38
Q

At what age does lawsonia intracellularis affect horses?

A

At weaning - 4-6 months old foals

39
Q

What is seen on ultrasound in lawsonia intracellularis infection?

A

Marked thickening and oedema of intestinal wall

40
Q

How do you treat lawsonia intracellularis?

A

Supportive treatment and plasma infusion
Doxycycline - orally

41
Q

Where does NSAID induced colitis occur in the horses body?

A

Right dorsal colitis

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of NSAID induced colitis?

A

Anorexia, lethargy
Colic
Diarrhoea
Protein losing enteropathy - ventral oedema

43
Q

How do you treat NSAID induced colitis?

A

Stop NSAIDs
Analgese with opioids and buscopan, paracetamol maybe
Treat colitis

44
Q

What can cause antibiotic induced colitis in horses that havent been given antibiotics themselves?

A

Dams ingesting foals erythromycin when they clean their face/butt

45
Q

What bacteria tends to overgrow in antibiotic induced colitis?

A

Clostridia

46
Q

What are some causes of IBD in horses?

A

When get excited
When on haylage
Spectrum of conditions

47
Q

How do you diagnose IDB in horses?

A

Ultrasound
Peritoneal fluid sample - inflammatory cells
Biospy if these fail

48
Q

How do you treat IBD?

A

Corticosteroids - pred
? Resection
? Short fibre diet
? Yeasacc

49
Q

What causes ‘foal heat’ diarrhoea in foals?

A

Change in GI function

50
Q

What is a common virus which causes diarrhoea in foals?

A

Rotavirus

51
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhoea in foals up to 2 weeks old?

A

Gastroenteritis - failure of passive transfer

52
Q

What is the most common bacterial cause of diarrhoea 3 months old plus in foals?

A

Rhodococcus

53
Q

How can you correct hypoalbuninaemia in horses?

A

Blood plasma

54
Q

What does a high heart rate indicate in a horse?

A

Pain
Dehydration
Endotoxaemia

55
Q

What is the treatment for a horse with mild diarrhoea who doesnt seem systemically ill?

A

Transfaunation
Maybe biosponge

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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