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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - equine parasites > Flashcards

GI - equine parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What parasite causes massive inflammatory reaction, severe diarrhoea and often death in horses when they all emerge at once?

A

Cyathostomes

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2
Q

What do cyathostomes look like?

A

Small redworm

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3
Q

Where do the cyathostomes encyst? For how long?

A

Encyst in the large intestinal mucosa for 2-3 years

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4
Q

How do you treat cyathostomiasis?

A

Moxidectin - be careful of inflammation from dead worms causing colitis
Concurrent corticosteroids to reduce inflammation

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5
Q

What do strongyles cause in horses?

A

Verminous arteritis - block the blood vessels

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6
Q

Where do the strongyles reside/migrate in horses?

A

Migrate from the GI tract to the cranial mesenteric artery and back

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7
Q

What is used to treat strongyles?

A

Avermectins - so now rare

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8
Q

What worm parasite affects foals?

A

Strongyloides westeri

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9
Q

How do foals get infected by strongyloides?

A

Through dams milk
Skin penetration

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10
Q

What does strongyloides westeri cause in foals?

A

Induces diarrhoea 6 months later

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11
Q

What is an example of an ascarid in horses?

A

Parascaris equorum

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12
Q

When are horses at greatest risk of parascaris ascarid?

A

From 6 months to 2 years - after this they gain immunity

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13
Q

What does parascaris equorum cause in horses?

A

Small intestinal obstruction - surgical colic

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14
Q

When are horses at greatest risk of parascaris equorum causing surgical colic?

A

After using an effective anthelmintic when there is a high burden

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15
Q

What are the organs affected by the parascaris lifecycle?

A

Intestinal wall > Liver > Bronchi in lungs > Small intestines

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16
Q

What is to note about the dictyocaulus arnfieldi life cycle?

A

Not completed in the horse - the donkey is the usual host

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17
Q

What worms cause anal pruritis? Why?

A

Oxyuris equi - live in colon, females migrate down and stick eggs to anus

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18
Q

What tapeworm can horses get?

A

Anoplocephela

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19
Q

What is the intermediate host of anoplocephela tapeworm?

A

Oribatid mite

20
Q

What do anoplocephela tapeworms cause in horses?

A

Spasmodic colic
Intussuseption
Thickened ilio-caecal junction wall - ileal food impaction

21
Q

What red eggs can be found in the stomach as an incidental finding/dont cause a problem?

A

Gasterophilus - bot fly

22
Q

How do bot fly eggs get into the stomach?

A

Bot fly lays eggs on horses legs
Horse grooms itself and eats them

23
Q

What horse wormer has the highest resistance?

A

Fenbendazole

24
Q

What is resistance?

A

The genetically transmitted loss of sensitivity in parasite populations previously sensitive to the same drug

25
Q

What is refugia?

A

Parasites in the horses environment that are not exposed to an anthelmintic at each dose
Eg. on pasture, untreated horses, some larval stages

26
Q

How does refugia impact resistance?

A

Increasing refugia is likely to slow development of resistance

27
Q

What is a way of measuring resistance?

A

Faecal egg count reduction test

28
Q

How do you do a faecal egg count reduction test?

A

No wormer for 8 weeks prior
FEC before treatment
Give wormer
Repeat FEC 2 weeks later

29
Q

How many horse owners are using a targeted parasite control now?

A

50%

30
Q

What are ways of using parasite control to cause minimal resistance?

A

Targeted worming
Poo pick fields
Dont overgraze
Different things at different times of year

31
Q

What are the challenges of using parasite control to cause minimal resistance?

A

Owners want to give anthelmintics
Cheaper than targeted parasite control

32
Q

What are the 4 main groups of anthelmintics in horses?

A

Avermectins
Benzimidazoles
PRaziquantel
Pyrantel

33
Q

What wormer do you use for cyathostomes? When?

A

Moxidectin - kills encysted too
Once a year in winter

34
Q

What wormer do you use for strongyles?

A

Ivermectin - least resistance

35
Q

When should you worm for strongyles?

A

If FEC greater than 200 eggs/gram
Do FEC every 12 weeks

36
Q

What wormer is most sensitive for parascaris?

A

Pyrantel

37
Q

What wormer do you use for strongyloides westeri?

A

Ivermectin - in foal or de-worm mare 2 weeks before due date

38
Q

What wormer do you use for tapeworms (anaplocephala)? When?

A

Praziquantel
Twice a year, after tapeworm ELISA

39
Q

What wormer do you use to treat dictocaulus, gasterophilus and oxyuris?

A

Ivermectin

40
Q

What are the problems of FEC?

A

Costs same as wormer tube - (£10)
Only counts eggs - misses encysted, non producing adults)
More expensive if find all horses have it

41
Q

What are the problems with the tapeworm ELISA?

A

Looks for tapeworm antibodies so can tell if has been exposed but antibodies stay high for 6 months after treatment so cant tell if you have resistance

42
Q

How can you use pasture management to reduce worms?

A

Poo pick
Reduce stocking density
Graze with ruminants

43
Q

How should you worm pregnant mares?

A

Treat with ivermectin a few weeks before due date

44
Q

How should you worm a new horse to the yard?

A

Moxidectin and praziquantel
Keep off pasture for 3 days

45
Q

What worm eggs does a faecal egg count test?

A

Strongyles

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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