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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - Bovine nutrition > Flashcards

GI - Bovine nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are some examples of forages?

A

Grass (fresh forage)
Silage
Straw/hay - drying (conserved forage)

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2
Q

What are some examples of supplementary feeds?

A

High energy foods with lots of protein/starch:
Wheat
Soya
Maize
Gluten

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3
Q

What is NDF content?

A

Neutral detergent fibre - measure of the fibre in the food
Cell wall content - cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

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4
Q

What is neutral detergent fibre needed for?

A

Scratch factor - stimulates rumination and fibre production

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5
Q

What is the difference between straw and wheat?

A

Same plant - stems vs leaves

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6
Q

When is grass high in fibre/dry matter?

A

When it goes to seed, later in season

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7
Q

What are the objective of grazing strategies?

A

Maximise DMI
Minimise damage to pasture - want third eaten, third left and third trampled into ground

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8
Q

What are 5 grazing strategies?

A

Continuous
Rotational
Strip
Zero - housed
Extended season

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9
Q

What is the difference between hay and haylage?

A

Hay is more mature grass, left to dry on the ground for longer - higher dry matter/NDF

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10
Q

What is the difference between round bale and clamp?

A

Round bale - easier production, but less capital (cheaper product)
Clamp - better quality, less energy dense, longer chop length but more spoilage risk

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11
Q

What is maize silage very popular in?

A

Dairy - higher energy and less protein so increased milk yeild/quality

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12
Q

How is silage made?

A

Anaerobic conditions allow lactobacilli to produce lactic acid
Drops pH to <4.5 - stops spoilage

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13
Q

What factor can stop pH of silage dropping so low?

A

Water content - need to wilt first, do on dry windy day in early season (may)

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14
Q

What happens if secondary fermentation occurs?

A

Air gets in - clostridia produce butyric acid and degrade protein
Rots - decreased palatability, decreased DMI, decreased nutritional content

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15
Q

What can you add to silage?

A

Acids/acid salts - to decrease pH
Sugars - increase palatability
Inoculants - bacteria to start fermentation
Enzymes - release carbohydrates

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16
Q

What is straw? What are the different kinds?

A

Stalks of cereal crops
Very high DM, very fibrous, low nutrient density
Barley straw - softer, more palatable
Wheat straw - fibrous, good for bedding, less palatable

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17
Q

Why are supplementary feeds fed?

A

To make up for deficits in forages

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18
Q

What are straights? What are some examples?

A

Single product
Primary feeds eg. soyal bean meal, wheat, sugar beet pulp
By products - brewers grains, biscuit waste

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19
Q

What are compounds? How is this different to a premixed blend?

A

Mixture of straights milled and pelleted
Blend - not pelleted, may or may not be milled

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20
Q

What is the first rate limiting step when feeding cows?

A

Voluntary feed intake - amount they eat

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21
Q

What factors affect voluntary feed intake?

A

Size of cow
Yield of cow
BCS - high BCS will eat less
Stage of pregnancy
Palatability
Access

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22
Q

What factors affect palatability of feed, impacting voluntary feed intake?

A

Quality - high NDF needs longer to digest so lower VFI
Moisture content - lower VFI if too wet or too dry
Taste
Chop length - affects gut transit time
Complete diet/mixed forage - increases VFI

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23
Q

How is voluntary food intake measured?

A

Dry matter intake basis

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24
Q

What is the rule of thumb formulae for predicting dry matter intake? (MUST REMEMBER)

A

2.5% body weight + 10% of yield

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25
What are correction factors for DMI?
Multiply the answer by the correction factor to correct for the particular case eg. if Holstein or if getting complete diet
26
What is the average daily yield of a dairy cow?
28 litres a day
27
After voluntary food intake, what is the next rate limiting state when feeding cattle?
Energy (joules)
28
What are the different sources of energy and protein available to cattle?
Simple carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Fats Protein
29
Which forage has the highest energy levels?
Maize silage
30
How are simple carbohydrates digested? What are they used for?
Rapid fermentation in the rumen Used for Fermentable Metabolisable Energy - available for use by rumen flora to make protein and nucleic acid
31
How are complex carbohydrates digested? What do they produce?
Slow fermentation in the rumen Release volatile fatty acids (VFAs) - absorbed into the blood stream
32
How are fats digested?
Digested in abomasum and small intestine
33
What are fats used for in the diet and what are the limitations?
Very high energy density Used as glue in pelleted feeds But they can stop the rumen microbes being able to digest the fibre - reduce milk butterfat content
34
How much fat is restricted to being in a cows diet?
<6% of total diet
35
What do we want protein to be used for?
Amino acids can be deaminated in the liver to produce glucose But want them to use protein for growth and calf production instead
36
What is the gross energy?
Total energy you can get from a product eg. if you burn it
37
What is the metabolisable energy?
Amount of energy that is left after faecal, urine and methane energy is lost
38
What are the metabolisable energy requirements of a cow for maintenance? (MUST REMEMBER)
65MJ/day
39
What is the highest energy demand for?
Lactation
40
What is the energy demand for lactation? (MUST REMEMBER)
5MJ/litre of milk eg. if producing 30litres of milk a day then needs 150MJ energy a day
41
What is the energy demand for pregnancy? (MUST REMEMBER)
25wks - 5MJ/day 40wks - 45MJ/day
42
What is conversion efficiency?
The efficiency with which metabolisable energy is converted to net energy - take away heat produced from each energy requirement
43
What does conversion efficiency depend on?
Use of energy Quality of feed Animal production level
44
What is the equation for the quality of the diet?
Quality = metabolisable energy / gross energy
45
How do you work out the animal production level?
Total energy requirement/energy for maintenance eg. animal producing lots of milk may be 5 x maintenance
46
How is efficiency of digestion affected by animal production level?
If animal production level goes up then efficiency of digestion goes down because of high DMI and decreased gut transit time
47
How do you work out the total protein content of crude protein?
Protein is around 16% nitrogen So Protein content = nitrogen x 6.25
48
What two categories does protein split into in the rumen?
Rumen degradable protein Undegraded dietary protein
49
What is rumen degradable protein digested to form? What is it used for?
Digested in the rumen to form amino acids - needed to produce microbial protein This is called Fermentable Metabolisable Energy
50
What does fermentable metabolisable energy provide energy for?
Synthesis of microbial crude protein, provide nutrients to the rumen microflora
51
What is a way that cows recycle non protein nitrogen instead of being lost in the urine as urea?
Urea goes back into salivary glands to make saliva
52
What protein bypasses the rumen and goes straight into the gut?
Undegraded dietary protein Digestible undegraded protein
53
How does rumen outflow rate affect rumen degradable protein?
Slow outflow rate = more RDP Animal production level increases voluntary food intake which increases outflow rate So high animal production level = more undegraded dietary protein
54
What is the protein source given to cows?
Soya bean
55
What are the maintenance protein requirements for a cow?
300g/day
56
What are the lactation requirements for protein for a cow?
45g/Litre
57
What are the pregnancy requirements for protein for a cow?
20wks - 20g/day 40wks - 190g/day
58
What are the dietary crude protein requirements for a cow?
Approximately 1-2g additional crude protein/kg dry matter for every litre of milk
59
What can cause elevated urea levels in the blood in cows?
Dehydration Renal disease Excessive crude protein in the diet Lack of fermentable metabolisable energy in the diet - so cant utilise crude protein
60
What is Effective Rumen Degradable Protein?
ERDP - the amount of RDP actually available to the rumen microbes
61
How does Effective Rumen Degradable Protein interact with Fermentable Metabolisable Energy?
ERDP relies on FME to be able to utilise the crude protein - ratio ERDP:FME crucial (FME = simple carbs used by gut flora)
62
What happens to Undegraded Dietary Protein?
Either goes into faeces Or goes as digestible undegradable protein into metabolisable protein
63
How does the metabolisable protein system work?
Crude protein is broken down into rumen degradable protein and undegraded dietary protein Rumen degradable protein converted to EFFECTIVE rumen degradable protein EFDP used with FME from simple carbs to produce microbial crude protein This is then combined with digestible undegradable protein which bypassed the rumen to make up metabolisable protein which is used by the cow
64
What is the difference between rumen degradable protein and EFFECTIVE rumen degradable protein?
Some of the rumen degradable protein is lost as it is quickly degradable So effective RDP is taking away the degraded part
65
What are the important factors of artificially reared calves?
Consistent milk replacement preparation Consistent timing Consistent presentation Cleanliness
66
What makes up the compound feed given to calves?
18% crude protein with high digestible undegradable protein - want it to go through rumen and be digested by calf for growth Eg. soya
67
What roughage is given to calves?
Good quality barley straw or hay From rack - clean, off floor
68
What are the two different ration formations given to beef cows?
Rapidly fermentable carbohydrates - cereal/barley beef Forage based systems - slower growing, grass/silage
69
What type of cow is the cereal/barley beef ration most suited to?
Late maturing breeds - early maturing beef breeds get too fat too quickly Eg. Dairy/dairy x continental
70
What nutritional disorders might be associated with cereal beef?
Acidosis Vitamin A deficiency Bloat
71
How are beef suckler cows fed?
Diet rarely formulated - minimise feed costs by maximum grass grazing possible More tolerant of a poor diet than diary Mostly done on BCS Winter forage - silage +/- straw
72
When should beef suckler cows be highest BCS?
Autumn - underfeed over winter, will gain back over summer
73
What are the different feeding systems used for feeding concentrate in dairy cows?
Concentrate - In parlour Out of parlour feeding Mid-day feeds In mixed ration
74
What are the advantages of complete diet/TMR?
Increased DMI - increased yeild Improved rumen function - less acidosis Cheaper
75
What are the disadvantages of complete diet/TMR?
Capital investment Need to store lots of feed Fat cows - can overeat Slow entry to parlour - no incentive Cash flow - money tied up in feed
76
What is partial mixed ration?
Mixed ration fed outside of the parlour Small amount of concentrated fed in the parlour Best of both worlds
77
What are the advantages of keeping cows in different groups depending on stage of lactation?
Avoids thin and fat cows - more precision Improved management Decreased standing times
78
What are the disadvantages of keeping cows in different groups depending on stage of lactation?
Increased bullying Increased complexity - lots to work out Increased time
79
What are the different feeding strategies used in dairy cows to decide how much nutrients the cows requires?
Feeding to yield Flat rate feeding Stepped feeding
80
What is leading and challenging in feeding to yield?
Lead - feed more concentrate to increase the yield Challenge - after peak lactation decrease concentrate to stop cows getting fat
81
What is flat rate feeding?
Concentrate fed based on target yield Same for every day of lactation - total yield similar but longer flatter lactation curve
82
What are the advantages and disadvantages of feeding to yield?
Simple Avoids overfeeding/underfeeding But increased risk of acidosis and metabolic stress
83
What are the advantages and disadvantages of flat rate feeding?
Simple Less risk of metabolic stress and acidosis But risk of overfeeding/underfeeding Increased BCS loss around peak
84
What is stepped feeding?
Compromise between feeding to yield and flat rate feeding Stepped levels of concentrates decreasing over lactation
85
What is the DMI in dry cows?
2% bodyweight
86
What BCS is the aim at drying off?
2.5-3
87
What happens if you have a BCS >3 at calving?
Increased calving difficulties Decreased DMI - lower yield and increased risk of negative energy balance
88
What does loss of BCS in the dry period cause?
Lowered fertility
89
What is the average energy requirement of a cow during dry period?
100MJ/day - maintenance and pregnancy
90
What type of protein is important during the dry period?
Digestible undegradable protein - more protein for foetal growth
91
What makes up a dry cow diet?
Single ration - very high fibre
92
How much calcium is needed to make a litre of milk?
2g per litre of milk
93
What does hypocalcaemia cause in cows?
Impaired skeletal muscle contraction (milk fever) Subclinical effects on uterus and GI tract smooth muscle
94
How do you prevent milk fever?
Restrict calcium - to upregulate mechanisms of Ca mobilisation in the body eg. osteoclasts Magnesium supplements - improves calcium mobilisation, makes slightly acidotic (good)
95
What food is high in calcium for cows?
Grass
96
What is DCAD? What is it good for?
Dietary cation anion difference Balance of cations and anions - induced mild metabolic acidosis Good for preventing hypocalcaemia by mobilising Ca more
97
What is used to produce glucose for the cow?
Proprionate - makes oxalo-acetic acid in krebs cycle
98
What gives cows a fatty liver?
Too quick reduction in BCS - negative energy balance Fat mobilisation - like hyperlipaemia in horses
99
What is type II ketosis? How is it different to type 1?
Insulin resistance, fat infiltration into liver around calving due to too high BCS in early dry period Different to type I - too little energy intake around peak lactation
100
What causes ruminal acidosis?
Feeding too many carbs/high concentrate diet Lactic acid producing bacteria - decrease pH
101
How can you measure ruminal acidosis?
Decreased herd performance Rumenocentesis Inconsistent faeces

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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