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CVSOH BVSc4 > Derm - Crusting, ulceration, erosions, scale > Flashcards

Derm - Crusting, ulceration, erosions, scale Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of ulceration?

A

Trauma
Mechanical injuries
Acute moist dermatitis
Skin fold pyoderma
Thermal injuries
Chemical injuries
Radiation
Neoplasia
Infectious agenst

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2
Q

What is the prevalence of immune mediated skin disease?

A

Uncommon to rare

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3
Q

What are the causes of immune mediated skin disease?

A

Drugs
Neoplasia
Systemic disease
Other immune mechanisms

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4
Q

What should you consider when diagnosing immune mediated skin disease?

A

‘Interface dermatitis’ is not definitive
Consider underlying causes

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5
Q

How do you treat immune mediated skin disease?

A

Immunosupressive drugs

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6
Q

What is the prognosis of immune mediated skin disease?

A

Poor - Adverse effects of therapy, disease difficult to manage/treat

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7
Q

What are the attachments between epidermal basal cells called?

A

Desmosomes

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8
Q

What are the attachments between the basal cells and the lamina lucida called in the skin?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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9
Q

What disease attacks the desmosomes?

A

Pemphigus - immune system attacks the desmosome attachments

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10
Q

What dogs are affected with canine pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Any breed and any age of onset - most likely 2 to 7 years

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Chronic disease
Generalised skin lesions - face, pinnae, footpads, trunk
Cause pruritus

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12
Q

What lesions does canine pemphigus foliaceus cause?

A

Vesicles and pustules - rupture to form crusts and erosions
Scaling and alopecia

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13
Q

How do you diagnose canine pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Cytology of pustules
Skin biopsy using punch tool

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14
Q

What is found on cytology in canine pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Keratinocytes, neutrophils, sometimes eosinophils
No cocci - sterile pustules
However can get secondary infection so need to treat this before testing

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15
Q

What is the appearance of canine pemphigus foliaceus on histopath?

A

Intraepidermal and intrafollicular pustules with acantholytic keratinocytes in the granular or upper spinous cell layers

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16
Q

What is the most common autoimmune skin condition in cats?

A

Feline pemphigus foliaceus - not as common as in dogs tho

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Lesions on head, ears and nose, extending to rest of body
Claw beds have thick caseous green purulent discharge

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18
Q

What is a differential diagnosis of feline pemphigus foliaceus and how do you differentiate them?

A

Dermatophytosis - do a fungal culture which will come back negative

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19
Q

How do you diagnose feline pemphigus foliaceus?

A

Cytology of pustule - neutrophils with acantholytic keratinocytes
Skin biopsy for histopathology
Haematology - eosinophilia

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20
Q

How do you treat pemphigus?

A

Glucocorticoids - prednisolone - 2mg/kg/day until remission, then slowly reduce dose

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21
Q

What is the second most common autoimmune skin disease in dogs?

A

Canine discoid lupus erythematosus (facial DLE)

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of facial DLE?

A

Photosensitive dermatosis of the top of the nose causing
Hypopigmentation
Erythema, scaling, erosions, ulcerations
Loss of normal architecture

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23
Q

What is the appearance of facial DLE on histopath?

A

Lichenoid lymphoplasmacytic interface pattern

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24
Q

How do you treat facial DLE?

A

Topical glucocorticoids
Topical tacrolimus - cyclosporin drug
UV protection - suncream
Vitamin E

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25
Q

What is an autoimmune skin condition/sydrome that affects horses?

A

Ulcerative pastern dermatitis

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26
Q

What are the clinical features of ulcerative pastern dermatitis?

A

Cellulitis, ulceration, crusting and oedema on the hind pasterns
Fissures
Excessive granulation tissue
Lameness

27
Q

What are some contagious causes ulcerative pastern dermatitis?

A

Staph, dermatophilosis
Chorioptes
Dermatophytosis

28
Q

What are some non contagious causes of ulcerative pastern dermatitis?

A

Photosensitisation
Vasculitis
Chronic progressive lymphoedema

29
Q

How do you treat ulcerative pastern dermatitis?

A

Clip area - sedate
Medicated chlorhexidine shampoo
Analgesia

30
Q

When do horses get alopecia?

A

Secondary to pruritus or folliculitis

31
Q

What can cause equine pruritus?

A

Infectious causes - staph aureus
Parasites - flies, mites
Allergy
Photosensitisation
Contact reaction

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of lice in horses?

A

Alopecia
Pruritus
Scale

33
Q

How do you diagnose lice in horses?

A

They are visible to the naked eye - put rug on so warm, then remove and look

34
Q

What are the different types of scale?

A

Most are dry, powdery, flaky keratin fragments
Some are waxy, greasy with a rancid odour

35
Q

Disorder of what process is involved in scale formation?

A

Cornification

36
Q

What are the steps of cornification?

A

Bundling of the keratin
Replacement of the cell membrane with a cornified envelope
Formation of lipid lamellar bilayers
Desquamation (exfoliation)

37
Q

What does the cornified envelope do?

A

Makes the corneocytes resistant to being broken down

38
Q

What is filaggrin?

A

Filaggrin aggregating protein - helps to aggregate the keratin filaments within the corneocyte

39
Q

What enzyme helps to mediate the aggregation of keratin filaments?

A

Transglutaminase

40
Q

What are in the stratum corneum?

A

A lipid rich matrix full of cells
Lamellar bodies containing lipid substrate

41
Q

What are epidermal lipids derived from?

A

Keratinocytes and sebaceous glands

42
Q

What can cause scale formation?

A

Abnormalities in epidermal cell turnover or keratin synthesis

43
Q

What are primary keratinisation disorders? How common are they?

A

Breed related congenital diseases
Uncommon to rare

44
Q

What are secondary/acquired keratinisation disorders?

A

Due to another underlying cause such as parasites, allergy, endocrinopathies etc.
Lot more common

45
Q

What are some examples of primary keratinisation defects

A

Sebaceous adenitis
Idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis
Lethal acrodermatitis

46
Q

What is sebaceous adenitis?

A

When inflammatory infiltrate target sebaceous glands causing scaling

47
Q

What is idiopathic nasodigital hyperkeratosis?

A

Excess keratinisation of the ears and pads of older dogs

48
Q

What is lethal acrodermatitis?

A

A very rare bad disease affecting English bull terries fact, distal limbs and feet

49
Q

What is ichthyosis?

A

A rare congenital disease causing large adhered flakes of scale on dogs (fish scale)

50
Q

What breeds does ichthyosis affect?

A

Golden retrievers, jack russell terriers, american bulldogs

51
Q

What causes ichthyosis?

A

Defects in the formation of the stratum corneum - increased stratum corneum production and decreased corneocytes desquamation - retention hyperkeratosis

52
Q

What are the two types of ichthyosis?

A

Epidermolytic - suprabasal keratinocyte vacuolation due to mutation in epidermal keratins
Non epidermolytic - transglutaminase mutations and others

53
Q

What is epidermolytic ichthyosis?

A

When the suprabasal keratinocytes become vacuolated due to mutations in the epidermal keratins

54
Q

What are some examples of scale formation secondary to a defined underlying cause?

A

Inflammation
Allergy
Endocrine imbalances
Nutritional factors

55
Q

What nutritional factors can cause scale formation?

A

Zinc

56
Q

What are the two types of zinc nutritional disorders?

A

Type 1 - adult dogs eg. husky, malamute, samoyed that are unable to absorb zinc
Type 2 - Young growing large breed dogs that are growing too fast and not getting enough zinc in their diet

57
Q

What are the clinical signs of zinc responsive dermatosis type 1?

A

Scaling, crusting, erythema and alopecia
Can be pruritic

58
Q

Where does zinc responsive dermatosis type 1 affect?

A

Around the eyes, on the nose, ears and muzzle and around the mouth
On foot pads

59
Q

How do you diagnose zinc responsive dermatosis type 1?

A

On clinical signs and seeing parakeratotic hyperkeratosis (have nuclei)

60
Q

What animals can get zinc deficiencies?

A

Dogs - breeds or growing pups
Goats
Alpacas

61
Q

What is a common sign of zinc deficiencies in goats and alpacas?

A

Scaling

62
Q

How do you manage scaling disorders?

A

Address the underlying cause
Treat secondary microbial infections
Topical therapy

63
Q

What topical therapy can you use on scaling disorders?

A

Medicines that slow down the production of corneocytes eg. salycyclic acid, a-hydroxyacids, glycerine

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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