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Boards Prep > Nutritional Pathology > Flashcards

Nutritional Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, K, D, E

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2
Q

What is Vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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3
Q

What are the most common disorders associated with Vitamin D deficiency in children and adults, respectively?

A

Children - Rickets
Adults - Osteomalacia

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4
Q

True/False. Water-soluble vitamins are more toxic than fat-soluble vitamins at high doses.

A

False. Water-soluble vitamins are readily excretable in urine and toxicity is rare. Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to be toxic.

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5
Q

What drugs can impair the absorption of folic acid?

A

Sulfonamides

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6
Q

What is Vitamin B12?

A

Cobalamin

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7
Q

Isoniazid, goat milk, and chronic alcohol use are associated with deficiency of what vitamin?

A

Pyridoxine (B6)

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8
Q

What factors are most associated with niacin deficiency?

A

Tryptophan deficiency, hartnup disease, chronic alcohol use, isoniazid

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9
Q

A patient who recently immigrated to the USA presents with muscle emaciation, little subcutaneous fat, and diarrhea. What is their diagnosis?

A

Marasmus

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10
Q

What hormone changes may be observed in a patient with anorexia nervosa?

A

Decreased LH, FSH, estrogen, & TH

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11
Q

What is Vitamin B6?

A

Pyridoxine

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12
Q

What is Vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic Acid

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13
Q

What are the signs of Vitamin A toxicity?

A

Headache, dizziness, vision changes, weight change, bone and joint pain

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14
Q

What vitamin is folic acid?

A

Vitamin B9

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15
Q

A 5yo patient presents with tibial bowing, rachitic rosary, and pectus carinatium. What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Rickets due to Vitamin D deficiency

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16
Q

True/False. Obesity is a form of malnutrition.

A

True

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17
Q

What clinical diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency?

A

Beriberi, Wernicke Encephalopathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff

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18
Q

Where is most Vitamin A stored in the body?

A

Liver

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19
Q

What vitamin plays a role in collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

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20
Q

Kidney metabolism of Vitamin D is regulated by what three factors?

A

Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, negative feedback

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21
Q

What symptoms are associated with Vitamin D toxicity?

A

Hypercalcemia, calcification

22
Q

What vitamin deficiency is most common in the world?

A

Vitamin A

23
Q

A pregnant woman gives birth to a fetus with neural tube defects. What vitamin was likely deficient during pregnancy?

A

Vitamin B9 - Folic Acid

24
Q

What is the anti-obesity hormone produced by adipocytes?

A

Leptin

25
Q

What is the difference between dry & wet beriberi?

A

Dry beriberi - neuropathy, weakness, muscle atrophy

Wet beriberi - edema, high cardiac output

26
Q

A patient who recently immigrated to the USA presents with edema, a distended abdomen, and diarrhea. They also seem apathetic and express little emotion. What is their diagnosis?

A

Kwashiorkor

27
Q

What is the function of retinol?

A

Vision, cell growth & differentiation, lipid metabolism

28
Q

What vitamin deficiency is most common in the USA?

A

Vitamins D & B12

29
Q

What distinguishes Wernicke-Korsakoff from Wernicke Encephalopathy?

A

Confusion and memory impairment in addition to neurological symptoms associated with Wernicke Encephalopathy

30
Q

What are the clinical features of vitamin B6 deficiency?

A

Sideroblastic (microcytic) anemia, convulsions (esp. infants), neuropathy

31
Q

Vitamin B3 is produced from what biological molecule?

A

Tryphtophan

32
Q

NAD+ & NADP+ are derived with assistance from what vitamin?

A

Niacin (B3)

33
Q

True/False. A patient with impaired renal function, but intact liver function will have no issues with Vitamin D absorption.

A

False. Vitamin D requires metabolism in both the liver and kidney. The kidney is responsible for producing the most active form of Vitamin D.

34
Q

What vitamins serve as anti-oxidants?

A

Vitamins C & E

35
Q

What is Vitamin A?

A

Retinol

36
Q

Squamous metaplasia is most common due to what Vitamin deficiency?

A

Vitamin A

37
Q

What vitamin is niacin?

A

Vitamin B3

38
Q

What are the clinical features of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Hemolytic anemia, neuropathy, ataxia

39
Q

A malnourished patient presents with cheilosis and glossitis. What vitamin are they deficient in?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

40
Q

You suspect a patient has normal folate levels, but is deficient in Vitamin B12. How can you confirm this?

A

Test blood for methylmalonic acid - high levels indicate only a B12 deficiency

41
Q

FAD and FMN are generated from what vitamin?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

42
Q

A patient presents with diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis. You know they have a vitamin deficiency. What is the diagnosis and associated vitamin deficiency?

A

Pellagra - Vitamin B3

43
Q

What is Vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

44
Q

What disease is associated with Vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

45
Q

Who is most at risk for Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Vegans & people with IF deficiencies

46
Q

What Vitamin functions to maintain plasma levels of calcium and phosphorous?

A

Vitamin D

47
Q

How do Marasmus and Kwashiorkor differ in terms of deficiency?

A

Marasmus is a caloric deficiency. Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency, with appropriate caloric intake.

48
Q

What are three types of secondary malnutrition?

A

Cancer cachexia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia

49
Q

What is the clinical presentation of folic acid deficiency in adults?

A

Megaloblastic anemia - this is also a feature of B12 deficiency

50
Q

What coagulation factors are dependent upon Vitamin K?

A

Prothrombin (II), VII, IX, X, protein C, protein S

51
Q

A patient is found to have high homocysteine levels in the blood. What does this say about the patient’s folate and B12 levels?

A

Both folate & B12 are deficient

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