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Boards Prep > Clinical Perspective of Sleep Cycle & Sleep Disorders > Flashcards

Clinical Perspective of Sleep Cycle & Sleep Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common psychiatric disorder to present as insomnia?

A

Major Depressive Disorder

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2
Q

What disorder is characterized by an overwhelming desire to sleep with sleep attacks?

A

Narcolepsy

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3
Q

This sleep disorder is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking early.

A

Insomnia Disorder

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4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of narcolepsy?

A

Deficiency of orexin

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5
Q

What are the stages of the sleep cycle?

A

N1, N2, N3, REM

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6
Q

These waves generally signify active thinking and concentration.

A

Beta waves

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7
Q

These neurotransmitters play an important role in wakefulness and the suppression of sleep.

A

Orexin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

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8
Q

Acetylcholine levels are lowest during which stage of sleep?

A

N3

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9
Q

This sleep disorder is characterized by repeated interruptions in normal respiration.

A

Sleep apnea

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10
Q

K-complexes and sleep spindles characterize what stage of sleep?

A

N2

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11
Q

Night terrors and sleepwalking occur during this stage of sleep.

A

N3

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12
Q

What are the types of sleep apnea?

A

Obstructive and central sleep apnea

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13
Q

From where is melatonin secreted?

A

Pineal gland

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14
Q

What drug is taken at night to prevent daytime sleep attacks associated with narcolepsy?

A

Sodium oxybate

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15
Q

These neurotransmitters play an important role in the promotion of sleep.

A

GABA, melatonin

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16
Q

These are visual images that occur upon waking.

A

Hypnopompic hallucinations

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17
Q

What brain waves predominate during wakefulness?

A

Alpha & beta waves

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18
Q

What is the difference between a sleep terror and a nightmare?

A

Sleep terrors occur during N3 sleep and are associated with sudden arousal, intense fear, and no recollection of the terror.

Nightmares occur during REM sleep and are remembered upon waking.

19
Q

What waves are present during N2 sleep?

A

K-complexes and sleep spindles

20
Q

What medications may be used for insomnia disorder?

A

Ramelteon, Suvorexant, anti-histamines

21
Q

These drugs are used to manage daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy.

A

Modafinil, amphetamines

22
Q

What structure is responsible for dictating the circadian rhythm?

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

23
Q

What are the general types of sleep?

A

REM & non-REM sleep

24
Q

What physiologic changes occur during REM sleep?

A

Erections, increased HR & BP, loss of motor tone (except extraocular and respiratory muscles), increased brain O2 usage

25
Q

What is the difference between orexin and hypocretin?

A

Nothing, they are different names for the same molecule

26
Q

These are visual images that occur upon going to sleep.

A

Hypnagogic hallucinations

27
Q

What criteria are required for a diagnosis of hypersomnolence disorder?

A

Sleep lasting 9+ hours that is not restorative, multiple episodes of sleep during the day, or difficulty with arousal upon awakening

3 episodes/week for 3 months

28
Q

What is a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children?

A

Adenotonsillar hypertrophy

29
Q

This test is generally required to diagnose a sleep disorder.

A

Polysomnography

30
Q

How long must symptoms occur for a diagnosis of insomnia?

A

At least 3 nights/week for 3 months

31
Q

Most sleep is spent in this stage.

A

N2

32
Q

What is the first treatment for insomnia disorder?

A

Sleep hygiene - engaging in behaviors that promote restful sleep

33
Q

What are the major risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea?

A

Obesity, male, older age

34
Q

What waves are present during N1 sleep?

A

Theta waves

35
Q

What waves are present during REM sleep?

A

“Sawtooth” waves

36
Q

These disorders are characterized by a misalignment between desired and actual sleep patterns.

A

Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders

37
Q

True/False. Benzodiazepines promote sleep onset, but result in less sleep.

A

True - less REM sleep

38
Q

What waves are present during N3 sleep?

A

Delta waves

39
Q

What histamine receptor is implicated in wakefulness?

A

H1

40
Q

From where is orexin secreted?

A

Lateral hypothalamus

41
Q

What is the first-line treatment for sleep apnea?

A

Positive Airway Pressure

42
Q

What are the stages of non-REM sleep?

A

Light sleep - N1, N2
Deep sleep - N3

43
Q

Sleep is essential for what brain function?

A

Memory - synaptic growth and pruning

Boards Prep (116 decks)

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