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M3 > Nphro - CelMolBio > Flashcards

Nphro - CelMolBio Flashcards

1
Q

Germ layer origin of the kidney

a. endoderm
b. ectoderm
c. paraxial mesoderm
d. intermediate mesoderm

A

D

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2
Q

arrange the following in chronological order:

a. ureteric bud induction and condensation
b. s-shape
c. capillary loop
d. mature glomerulus
e. pretubular aggregation
f. comma shape

A

AEFBCD

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3
Q

Signal for S-shape stage of nephron formation

A

VEFG-A/Kdr (flk-1)

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4
Q

Give one signal for ureteric bud induction and condensation

A

Pax 2

for others, refer to book

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5
Q

Give one signal for pretubular aggregation

A

FGF8

for others, refer to book

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6
Q

Give one signal for Comma shape

A

none

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7
Q

Give one signal for S-shape

A

VEFG-A/Kdr (flk-1)

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8
Q

Give one signal capillary loop

A

Foxd1

for others, refer to book

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9
Q

Give one signal for mature glomerulus

A 
Neph1
Nphs2
Lamb2
Notch2
(for others, refer to book)
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10
Q

Podocyte slit pore membrane proteins that participate in filtration of plasma water and solute by the synthetic interaction of (11)

A 
nephrin
annexin-4
CD2AP
FAT
ZO-1
P-adherin
Podocin
TRPC6
PLCE1
Neph 1-3
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11
Q

Cells that recide in renal interstitium (4)

A 
LiLy FaD
fibroblasts
dendritic cells
lymphocytes
lipid laden macrophage
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12
Q

Two types of nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary - glomeruli at boundary of cortex and outer medulla

Cortical - glomeruli at mid to outer cortex

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13
Q

Short loops of Henla

a. Cortical
b. juxtamedullary

A

A

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14
Q

Vasa recta

a. Cortical
b. juxtamedullary

A

cortical have peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

Primary driving force of GFR

A

hydrostatic pressure gradient across the glomerular capillary wall

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16
Q

Percentage of renal plasma flow filtered into Bowman space

A

20%

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17
Q

what do you call the GFR/RBF ration

A

filtration fraction

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18
Q

3 major factors for autoregulation within glomerular filtration

A

myogenic reflex
TGF
angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole

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19
Q

Wht is the first line of defense against fluctuations in RBF?

A

myogenic reflex

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20
Q

True of myogenic reflex

a. response to increased pressure is dilatation of afferent arteriole
b. response to decreased pressure is constriction of efferent arteriole
c. both
d. neither

A

D;

increased pressure - constriction of afferent arteriole
decreased pressure - dilation of afferent arteriole

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21
Q

True of TFG

a. changes the rate of filtration and tubular flow by reflex vasoconstriction or dilatation of the efferent arteriole
b. specialized cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle called macula densa act as sensors of solute concentration and tubular flow rates
c. ATP is a potent vasoconstrictor
d. Ang II and ROS blunt TGF while NO enhance

A

B

a. reflex vasoconstriction or dilatation of the afferent arteriole
c. ATP is broken down into adenosine and adenosine is the potent vasoconstrictor
d. ANGII and ROS enhance while NO blunt

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22
Q

True of the angiotensin II component of autoregulation of GFR

a. Renin is released from macula densa
b. Renin catalyzes conversion in angiotensin I to angiotensin II
c. Angiotensin II acts on the afferent arteriole
d. NOTA

A

D

a. granular cells within the wall of the afferent arteriole near the macula densa in a region called JG apparatus
b. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
c. efferent arteriole; vasoconstrict

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23
Q

How much of filtered NaCl and water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

60%

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24
Q

How much of filtered bicarb , nutrients, glucose, AA is reabsorbed in proximal tubule?

A

90%

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25
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that block proximal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption

A

Acetazolamide

26
Q

Which part of the proximal tubule is chloride absorbed?

A

late proximal tubular segments

27
Q

reabsorption of glucose in proximal tubule via apical Na-Glucose transporter is saturable at plasma levels exceeding _____, causing glycosuria

A

180-200 mg/dL

28
Q

This medication inhibits renal organic anion secretion and can be clinically useful for raising plasma concetrations of certain drugs like penicillin and oseltamivir

A

Probenecid

29
Q

Give 2 drugs that compete with endogenous compounds for transport by the organic cation pathways. They elevate serum creatinine levels without changing GFR

A

cimetidine

trimethoprim

30
Q

How much of calcium and phosphate ar reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?

A

60-70%

85%

31
Q

gene affected in low mol weight proteinuria, Dent disease

A

CLCN5

for Cl channel gene

32
Q

Salt-wasting renal disease associated with hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis due to loss of function mutations in one of five distinct genes: NKCC2, KCN1, CASR, CLCNKB, BSND

A

Bartter’s Syndrome

33
Q

mutation involved in familial hypercalcemic hypocalciuria

A

loss of function mutations in CaSR

34
Q

mutation in CLDN16 encoding for paracellin-1 causes

A

familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis

35
Q

Primary initiating event of countercurrent flow

A

Reaborption by thick ascending limb without water

36
Q

Site of action of thiazide diuretic

A

Thiazide sensitive Na/Cl cotransporter in distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

mutation in Gitelman Syndrome

A

Loss of function mutations of SLC12A3 encoding the apical Na/Cl cotransporter

38
Q

familial hypertension with hyperkalemia

A

Gordon syndrome

39
Q

salt-wasting with hypokalemic alkalosis and hypocalciuria

A

Gitelman Syndrome

40
Q

Gene mutations in Gordon syndrome

A

WNK1, WNK4

41
Q

Mutations in this gene cause familial hypomagnesemia with hypocalcemia

A

TRPM6

42
Q

How much of filtered sodium is reabosrbed in the collecting duct?

A

4-5%

43
Q

Site of action of vasopressin

A

aquaporin 2-4 at collecting duct

44
Q

main water, and sodium reabsorbing and potassium secreting cells in the collecting duct

A

Principal cells

45
Q

Site of main action of aldosterone and potassium sparing diruetics and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (spironolactone)

A

Principal cells of collecting duct

46
Q

cells in the collecting duct responsible for acid secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption

A

Type A intercalated cells

47
Q

Function of Type B intercalated cells

A

bicarbonate secretion and acid reabsorption

48
Q

Problem in distal convoluted tubule except

a. Gordon Syndrome
b. Gitelman Syndrome
c. TRPM6 mutation
d. Bartter Syndrome

A

D

49
Q

Mutation in Liddle’s syndrome

A

activating mutations in EnAC increasing reclamation of sodium causing hypokalmeia, hypertension and metabolic alkalosis

50
Q

Action of potassium-sparing diuretics amiloride and traimterene

A

block ENaC at collecting tubule

51
Q

The following block ENaC except

a. trimethoprim
b. amiloride
c. probenecid
d. triamterine
e. pentamidine

A

C

52
Q

Extracellular protein mediating preferential use of type A and type B intercalated cells during acidemia or alkalemia.

A

hensin

53
Q

Sodium reabsorption by inner medullary collecting duct cells inhibited by

a. ANP
b. urodilatin
c. both
d. neither

A

C

54
Q

Tonicity depends on concentration of

A

effective osmoles

55
Q

normal tonicity

A

280mOsm/L

56
Q

Reduction in total body water causes the following EXCEPT

a. increase sodium concentration triggers brisk sense of thirst
b. conservation of water is mediated by ANP
c. TRPV+ neuronal cells connected to organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis are osmoreceptive
d. TRPV1,2,4 are not osmoreceptive

A

B; vasopressin

57
Q

This aquaporin is constitutively active in all water permeable segments of the nephron, but not respnsive to vasopressin

A

Aquaporin-1

58
Q

True about RAAS except

a. angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex
b. angiotensin II causes constriction of the efferent arteriole to decrease filtration fraction
c. angiotensin II inhibit renin secretion through a negative feedback loop
d. NOTA

A

B; it increases filtration fraction

59
Q

Aldosterone is synthesized and secreted by

a. granular cells of the JGA
b. macula densa
c. granulosa cells in the adrenal cortex
d. reticular cells in the adrenal cortex

A

C

60
Q

Chronic exposure to aldosterone causes decrease in urinary sodium excretion lasting only a few days after which sodium excretion returs to previous levels. This phenomenon is called

A

aldosterone escape

M3 (66 decks)

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