CMD - Cyanosis

Question 1

cyanosis is a result of

a. increased quantity of reduced hemoglobin
b. increased quantity of oxidized hemoglobin
c. decreased quantity of reduced hemoglobin
d. increased quantity of oxidized hemoglobin

Answer 1

A

Question 2

level of SaO2 so that central cyanosis can be detected

Answer 2

85% and below but may not be detected in dark skinned until 75%

Question 3

level of reduced hgb in capillary blood exceeds ___ g/L for cyanosis to become apparent

Answer 3

40g/L

Question 4

True of cyanosis

a. central cyanosis, EXCEPT SaO2 is reduced
b. mucous membranes and skin are both affected in peripheral cyanosis
c. Peripheral cyanosis is due to a slowing of blood flow
d. abnormally great extraction of oxygen from normally saturated arterial blood

Answer 4

B, in central cyanosis

Question 5

True of central cyanosis

a. reduction in SaO2 is due to decline in FiO2, despite sufficient compensatory alveolar hyperventilation
b. cyanosis manifest in an ascent to an altitude of 3000m
c. impaired pulmonary function in perfusion of unventilated areas of the lung is a common cause
d. shunting of the arterial blood flow into the venous circuit is another cause

Answer 5

C

a. decline in FiO2 without sufficient compensatory alveolar hyperventilation
b. manifest at 4000m
d. shunting of venous blood flow into arterial

Question 6

cardiac pulmonary right to left shunt depends on the size of the shunt relative to systemic flow and Hb-O2 of the

a. arterial blood
b. venous blood

Answer 6

B

Question 7

Most common cause of peripheral cyanosis

Answer 7

normal vasoconstriction resulting from exposure to cold air or water

Question 8

True about peripheral cyanosis EXCEPT

a. cutaneous vasoconstriction as a compensatory mechanism
b. blood diverted to major vital organs thus cyanosis is seen in the extremities
c. arterial blood has normal saturation
d. NOTA

Answer 8

D

Question 9

pallor, colness, cyanosis

a. arterial obstruction to an extremity with embolus
b. cold induced vasospasm
c. both
d. neither

Answer 9

C

Question 10

cold induced vasospasm resulting in pallor, pain, numbness and in severe cases gangrene. usually affects the fingers

Answer 10

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Question 11

Effect of venous obstruction (thrombophlebitis/DVT to subpapillary venous plexuses

Answer 11

dilation thus intensifying cyanosis

Question 12

Cyanosis present since birth or infancy is usually due to

Answer 12

congenital heart disease

Question 13

massage or gentle warming of a cyanotic extremity will increase peripheral blood flow, thus will abolish

a. peripheral cyanosis
b. central cyanosis

Answer 13

A

Question 14

Clubbing

a. central cyanosis
b. peripheral cyanosis
c. both
d. neither

Answer 14

A

Question 15

PaO2 and SaO2 should be determined. In patients with cyanosis in whome the mechanism is obscure, what examination of blood should be performed?

Answer 15

spectroscopic examination

Question 16

What do you call the sign for clubbing when you ask patient to appose 2 distal segments of their fingers (dorsal side) and look for diamond

Answer 16

Schamroth sign

Question 17

example of profession at risk for acquired clubbing

Answer 17

jackhammer operators

Question 18

Give 4 diseases that will present with clubbing

Answer 18

congenital heart disease
IE
lung cancer
bronchiectasis
asbestosis
sarcoidosis
cystic fibrosis
TB
inflammatory bowel disease
hepatic cirrhosis

Question 19

hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is associated with

a. benign
b. malignant
c. both
d. neither

Answer 19

B

Question 20

Subperiosteal formation of new bone in the distal diaphysis of long bone causing pain, symmetric arthritic changes in the shoulders, knees, ankles, wrist and elbows

Answer 20

hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Question 21

sites of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

Answer 21

shoulders
knees
ankles
wrist
elbows