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Foundations Of Medicine > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscle

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2
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

things like blood pressure and eye function

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3
Q

segments and ridges of brain called

A

gyrus and sulcus

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4
Q

membranes surrounding brain called

A

meninges

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5
Q

parts of cerebrum

A

frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe

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6
Q

underneath the cerebrum in the diencephalon is the

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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7
Q

parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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8
Q

how many spinal nerves in spinal cord

A

31

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9
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory neurons

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10
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor neurons

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11
Q

what do spinal tracts do

A

take information from the sensory neurons and sending it to the brain to tell it to do something or sending information down from the brain telling motor neurons to do something

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12
Q

soma

A

cell body of neuron

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13
Q

dendrites

A

receive information

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14
Q

axon hillock

A

the initial segment. triggers action potential

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15
Q

axon

A

sends action potential

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16
Q

axon terminals

A

release transmitter across synapse

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17
Q

interneurones found in

A

central nervous system

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18
Q

neurones in peripheral nervous system

A

afferent and efferent

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19
Q

types of glia

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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20
Q

what glia forms myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

what glia produce the cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

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22
Q

what glia maintain external environment for neurons and surround blood vessels

A

astrocytes

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23
Q

what glia are phagocytic hoovers that mop up infection

A

microglia

24
Q

where are glia found

A

CNS (make up 90% if it)

25
Q

action potential

A

transmits signals over long distances

26
Q

graded potentials

A

depolarise the cell to threshold and decide if an action potential should be fired. can summate

27
Q

resting membrane potential

A

keeps cells ready to respond (inside of cells is negative relative to outside, usually -70mV)

28
Q

what channels cause a resting membrane potential

A

leaky potassium channels. reached when electrical gradient is equal and opposite to concentration gradient

29
Q

resting membrane potential shows what concentrations of ions outside and inside of cell

A

high potassium in, low sodium in, low chloride in

30
Q

what does the sodium potassium pump do

A

establishes concentration gradient by putting 2 potassium in and 3 sodium out

31
Q

how is the brain protected by changes in ion concentration in plasma

A

blood brain barrier- capillaries are especially tight

32
Q

types of graded potentials

A

generator, postsynaptic, endplate, pacemaker

33
Q

how are graded potentials decremental

A

they get smaller as they travel along the membrane so are only useful over small distances

34
Q

graded potentials can either ____ or ____ a cell

A

excite (depolarising) or inhibit (hyperpolarising)

35
Q

Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potentials are generated by

A

opening chloride channels or opening potassium channels

36
Q

Exciting PostSynaptic Potentials are generated by

A

opening sodium/potassium channels or by closing leaky potassium channels

37
Q

temporal summation

A

adds on to first stimulus later on, pushing closer or further away from threshold

38
Q

spatial summation

A

have stimulus a and b at the same time so that response is greater

39
Q

synaptic integration

A

summing the synaptic inputs to determine if the initial segment will reach threshold

40
Q

types of synapse

A

axo-dendritic, axo-somatic, axo-axonic

41
Q

what channels do the depolarising in an action potential

A

voltage gated sodium channels

42
Q

what is an action potential and some properties of one

A

rapid depolarisation. have a threshold. can only encode stimulus intensity in their firing frequency, not their amplitude (cross threshold more, more intense, greater frequency), self propagating (one sodium channel opening triggers the next)

43
Q

absolute refractory period

A

excitability of zero, cannot fire another action potential

44
Q

how to speed up action potentials

A

large axons (wide diameter, long axons electrical impulses flow through easier. sodium channels can be wider spaced), myelination (increases membrane resistance and reduces membrane capacitance, less current is wasted)

45
Q

diseases that cause demyelination

A

multiple sclerosis and Guillain barre syndrome. attack the myelin sheath. more current is lost between nodes

46
Q

compound action potential

A

sum of many fibres and potentials recruited. electrical stimulation initiates action potentials in nerve trunk which travel down and the fastest conducted ones arrive at the end first. extracellularly recorded which means small peaks, not large ones. if enough little nibbles pass at the same time, a large one comes

47
Q

A alpha fibres

A

largest myelinated- proprioception, motoneurons

48
Q

A beta fibres

A

large myelinated. touch, pressure

49
Q

A gamma fibres

A

small myelinated. motoneurons of muscle spindles

50
Q

A delta fibres

A

smallest myelinated. touch, cold, fast pain

51
Q

C fibres

A

unmyelinated. warmth, slow pain

52
Q

what happens at neuromuscular junction

A

action potential in motor neurone, opens voltage gated calcium channels in presynaptic terminal which triggers calcium dependent exocytosis. acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) is released which binds to receptors. This opens ligand gated sodium potassium channels , cell depolarises as sodium flows in. End plate potential is caused

53
Q

is end plate potential small or big

A

very big. about 40mV. always depolarises adjacent membrane to threshold

54
Q

post junctional folds role in neuromuscular junction

A

ensure the end plate potential has a short distance to travel to voltage gated sodium channels

55
Q

what makes CNS synapses complex

A

they have a range of neurotransmitters which each have several receptors, they have a range of postsynaptic potentials(IPSP, EPSP), arrangement of synapses, arrangement of wiring

56
Q

five types of synaptic pathway

A

divergent, convergent, feedback inhibition, monosynaptic, polysynaptic

Foundations Of Medicine (50 decks)

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