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Foundations Of Medicine > Medical Microbiology > Flashcards

Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

non sterile body sites

A

mouth, oesophagus, lungs, stomach, intestine

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2
Q

sterile body sites

A

brain, heart, liver, kidney

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3
Q

common specimen types collected to diagnose infection

A

MSSU (urine), sputum, throat swab, swabs, faeces, blood culture, cerebrospinal fluid, aspirate of pus, bone

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4
Q

what is role of culture microscopy in diagnosis of bacterial infection

A

non specific but assists provisional diagnosis and empiric antimicrobial therapy

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5
Q

methods of detecting viruses

A

molecular methods- PCR, antigen detection, serology to determine immunity, electron microscopy, cell or tissue culture

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6
Q

main structures of bacterial cell

A

chromosome, cytoplasm, cell wall, ribosome, penicillin binding proteins, lipopolysaccharide, capsule, flagella, fimbriae, plasmid, bacteriophage, spores, peptidoglycan

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7
Q

how do bacteria replicate and create genetic variation

A

binary fission and transfer DNA via plasmids, spontaneous mutation

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8
Q

how is bacteria detected

A

individual can only be seen with a microscope. use stains like gram stain and fluorescent dyes

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9
Q

lysis

A

wall is weakened or ruptured so cell swells and bursts due to osmosis

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10
Q

lipopolysaccharide

A

only present in gram negative bacteria, protects peptidoglycan from bile salts and blocks antibiotics from getting into cell.

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11
Q

lipid A

A

in lipopolysaccharide. forms endotoxin which may give rise to endotoxin shock if released in bloodstream- fever and low blood pressure

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12
Q

bacteriophages

A

virus that infects bacteria

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13
Q

what is Svedberg unit

A

measure of sediment rather than size

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14
Q

how is bacteria cultured

A

agar. colonies can be seen by eye

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15
Q

main groups of parasites

A

protozoa(malaria), helminths (tapeworms), ectoparasites (lice)

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16
Q

protozoa

A

able to multiply in humans. transmitted by faecal- oral route or insect vector. amoebic dysentry and plasmodium causing malaria is example

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17
Q

common diseases caused by enteric and blood borne parasites

A

Schistosomiasis, malaria, pinworms,

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18
Q

how is parasitic infection diagnosed (3)

A

identification of parasites in host tissue or faeces or urine. blood microscopy, stool microscopy- look for ova, cysts, parasites. Indirect testing- rapid diagnostic test or serology

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19
Q

nematodes transmission route

A

faecal oral eg pinworm

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20
Q

cestodes transmission route

A

eating raw or uncooked meat. use a intermediary host eg beef tapeworm

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21
Q

trematodes transmission route

A

contact with freshwater where the snail intermediary host is present eg schistosomiasis

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22
Q

virion structure

A

lipid envelope around the outside with spike projections, protein capsule on inside, virion associated polymerase inside of that

23
Q

virus replication

A

enter cell, uncoated, genomic nucleic acid replicated in the nucleus, mRNA synthesis, protein synthesis, newly synthesised virus proteins inserted into membrane and genomic nucleic acid put into virion again and then budded and released with lipid envelope back on. mature and then attach and enter another cell again

24
Q

types of transmission of virus

A

blood borne, sexual, airborne, droplet, faecal oral, close contact

25
Q

why is confection of human and animal or bird strains in one generation dangerous

A

may lead to recombination and generation of a new strain

26
Q

consequences of viral infection

A

clearance of virus (with short, no, or long term immunity), chronic infection, latent infection, transformation

27
Q

viral latency

A

after primary infection, viruses lie dormant in cell, viral genome is retained, reactivation of viral replication can occur and this may or may not cause apparent disease. bad for immunocompromised. examples- herpes simplex virus

28
Q

how can viruses lead to cancer

A

modulation of cell cycle, modulation of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species mediated damage

29
Q

all antiviral agents are ____ none are _____

A

virustatic, virucidal

30
Q

antivirals can be used for

A

prophylaxis (to prevent infection), pre-emptive therapy (evidence of infection detected but before symptoms apparent), overt disease, suppressive therapy (to keep viral replication below rate that causes tissue damage)

31
Q

ways of preventing viral infection

A

immunisation, prophylactic treatment post exposure, infection prevention and control measures, blood/tissue/organ screening, antenatal screening

32
Q

what is a fungus

A

chemo-organotrophic eukaryote that lacks chlorophyll and forms spores. absorbs nutrients

33
Q

what does a fungal membrane contain as the major sterol

A

ergosterol

34
Q

3 major groups of fungi

A

basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, zygomycetes

35
Q

dermatophyte fungi that cause skin infections main virulence factor is

A

enzymes that degrade and utilise keratin as a nutrient source

36
Q

malassezia species role in health and disease

A

colonisers of healthy skin, especially sebum rich areas,. can cause superficial infections in susceptible skin and wide range of infections in immunocompromised and premature neonates

37
Q

host factors that contribute to pathogenicity of fungal infections

A

favourable microenvironments, broad spectrum antibacterial agents, immunosuppression

38
Q

forms of immunosuppression of host defences

A

latrogenic(steroids, anti cancer chemotherapy), disease processes(AIDS leukaemia) or combination of both

39
Q

candida infections human diseases

A

oral, penis, vaginal, skin, urinary tract infections

40
Q

what kind of species are candida species

A

yeast

41
Q

what can Candida albicans form

A

hyphae

42
Q

thrush is caused by what fungal infection

A

candida

43
Q

aspergillosis route of infection

A

inhalation of conidia which germinate to hyphae in lung tissue. it is angioinvasive also

44
Q

types of disease caused by aspergillosis

A

simple asthma, asthma with eosinophilia, aspergilloma

45
Q

human diseases caused by cryptococcosis

A

pulmonary cryptococcosis, meningitis, diessemated infection in severely compromised hosts

46
Q

what is the damage response interaction

A

fungal infections. means that if the host response to the infection is too strong or too weak, this will result in disease

47
Q

how to detect fungal infections

A

direct detection- histopathology, high res CT scans, growth on selective medium
PCR for fungal DNA, detection of circulating antibodies to fungi

48
Q

problems with anti fungals

A

cost, static, IV vs oral, toxicity, resistance

49
Q

types of anti fungal agents

A

polyenes, azoles, echoinocandins

50
Q

what type of bacteria form spores

A

bacilli and clostridium

51
Q

spirochaetes

A

spiral shaped bacteria causing syphilis, lames disease, relapsing fever

52
Q

examples of genera of spirochetes

A

Spirochaeta, Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira

53
Q

bacterial typing

A

way of identifying strains of microorganisms

54
Q

fimbriae and pili

A

thin protein tubes that extend out of bacteria and help them with adhesion to surfaces. pili are longer and fewer. found in gram negative bacteria but not gram positive

Foundations Of Medicine (50 decks)

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