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Foundations Of Medicine > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is immune system

A

Body’s ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials (pathogens)

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2
Q

Types of pathogen

A

Virus bacteria parasite fungi Protozoa

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3
Q

Types of immunity

A

Acquired immunity and innate immunity

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4
Q

External barriers

A

Skin and mucus
Fluids eg sweat saliva (lysozymes)
Stomach (digestive enzymes and gastric acid)

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5
Q

Innate immunity

A

Always ready to attack. Many pathogenic microbes have evolved to resist innate immunity
Non specific- cannot distinguish between pathogens
Fast and immediate
No memory

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6
Q

Cells of innate immunity

A

Phagocytes, dentritic cells, NK cells and complements

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7
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

stimulated by exposure to microbe, more potent
Highly specific- distinguishes using shapes on surface called antigens
Slower
Immunological memory

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8
Q

Cells of adaptive immunity

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

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9
Q

Types of innate immunity

A

Cellular - phagocytes, eosinophils, basophils, chemical- cytokines

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10
Q

Phagocytes are

A

Cells that track down, engulf and destroy bacteria, other pathogens and our own damaged and dead cells

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11
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils (most abundant) monocytes/ macrophages

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12
Q

Neutrophils work how

A

Contain destructive enzymes such as peroxidases, alkaline and acid phosphates which kill and destroy bacteria and other pathogens

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13
Q

Monocytes work how

A

Larger than neutrophils so can engulf bigger pathogens. Break down pathogens and process the antigens then present these antigens to the cells of the adaptive immunity to produce specific immune response
APCs (antigen presenting cells)

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14
Q

How does the process Phagocytosis go

A

Microbes attach to phagocyte surface, endocytosis of microbe and formation of phagosome, fusion of phagosome and lysosome, killing of microbe through digestion by enzyme, discharge of waste

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15
Q

Lysozyme

A

Digests bacterial cell wall

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16
Q

Eosinophils do what

A

Help combat parasitic infections, involved in allergy and asthma, contain enzymes

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17
Q

How do u experience an allergic reaction or asthma attack

A

The body reacting to histamine which is released by mast cell which is activated by allergen. Histamine targets receptors on a specific tissue and trigger a specific reaction eg itchiness in the skin

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18
Q

Basophils

A

Least common white blood cells, contain large cytoplasmic granules with inflammatory mediators, no proven function, found in parasitic infections

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19
Q

Cytokines are

A

Small proteins secreted by cells in response to stimulus. Trigger biological responses when they bind to specific receptors

20
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced

A

Bone marrow

21
Q

Lymphatic system does what

A

Transport of white blood cells. Drainage of tissues, absorption and transport of fatty acids and fat, immunity

22
Q

lymphatic organs primary and secondary

A

Bone marrow and thymus

Lymph nodes and spleen and tonsils

23
Q

What happens in primary lymphoid organs

A

Where blood cells are produced (hematopoiesis in bone marrow) and B cells receive this early training- acquire ability to interact with antigens

24
Q

What happens in thymus

A

T cells are educated. In cortex they are mature, medulla they are immature

25
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

Induce adaptive immune responses to antigens carried from the tissues by lymph

26
Q

3 phases of immune defence

A

Recognition of danger, production of specific weapons, transport of weapons to site of attack

27
Q

Spleen

A

Acts as a filter for blood by recycling old RBCs and platelets and white blood cells are stored there

28
Q

What are T lymphocytes responsible for

A

Cell mediated immunity and assisting B cells

29
Q

Types of t lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) and Helper T cells (CD4+)

30
Q

Cytotoxic T cells function and when does it recognise antigens

A

Kill cells When they’re bound to MHC I

31
Q

Helper T cells function and when does it recognise antigens

A

Stimulate B cells to produce antibody. Cannot kill pathogens but can activate and direct other cells. bound to MHC II

32
Q

What does perforin do

A

Creates holes in infected cell where enzymes that promote apoptosis can enter

33
Q

What is MHC I

A

Self-nonself complex that is responsible for the presentation of an antigen on the pathogen. Found on virtually all nucleated cells. Endogenous pathway. Presents antigen to CD8+ cells

34
Q

Classes of TH cell and their target cell

A

TH1 - macrophages
TH2 - eosinophils
TH17- neutrophils
TfH- B cells

35
Q

What is MHC II

A

Found only on professional antigen presenting cells ie macrophages. Presents exogenously produced antigen to CD4+ T cells

36
Q

What do B cells do

A

Produce antibodies directed against antigens. They express B cell receptors BCRs and on activation they are differentiated into plasma cells with the help of T helper cells. Also produce memory B cells

37
Q

What are antigens

A

Small proteins on the surface of a pathogen that are recognised by antibodies

38
Q

Two regions of antibody

A

Antigen binding region- upper region and the part that recognises antigens
Fc region- lower region solid and stable part that attaches to surface of B cell (has disulphides bonds)

39
Q

Types of antibody (5)

A 
IgM- first class to be produced, less specificity 
IgA- protects mucosal surfaces 
IgE- defends against parasites  and causes allergies IgD- unknown function 
IgG- main type
40
Q

Functions of antibodies

A

Neutralisation- prevention of attachment and entry of cell free viruses (mostly IgA)
opsonisation- helps direct macrophages towards certain pathogens by adding lots of antibodies to the pathogens
complement activation

41
Q

Complement system

A

Consists of more than 30 proteins/ factors that are found in plasma, in an inactive form. Activated in a cascade like format.

42
Q

Types of pathway of complement system

A

Alternative, classical, lectin

43
Q

What is the result of complement system and what effect does it have on microbes

A

Membrane attack complex MAC

Creates a cytotoxic pore and liquid leaks out, killing the cell

44
Q

Functions of complement system

A

Direct lysis of target cells, recruit other immune cells to the site of infection to enhance the immune response, produce things that enhance phagocytosis

45
Q

Passive immunity

A

Transfer of antibodies or lymphocytes specific for the microbe

B memory cells are not present and it is a short lived solution

46
Q

Active immunity

A

Protective immunity against a pathogen may be induced through the hosts own response to that pathogen

B memory cells are made and this is a long term or permanent solution

Foundations Of Medicine (50 decks)

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