Antimicrobial chemotherapy Flashcards
bactericidal
antimicrobial that kills bacteria
bacteriostatic
antimicrobial that inhibits growth of bacteria
MBC
minimal bactericidal concentration- minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism
MIC
minimal inhibitory concentration- minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to inhibit a given organism
routes of administration
topical, systemic, parenteral
mechanism of action of antibiotics (3)
inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of protein synthesis, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis and how
penicillin, cephalosporins, glycopeptides.
examples of glycopeptides
vancomycin
aminoglycosides work how
useful in treatment of gram negative, prevent mRNA code to be read properly so protein is translated wrong. bactericidal
example of aminoglycosides
gentamicin
oxazolidinones are and example
bacteriostatic or bactericidal depending on bacteria being treated. inhibit protein synthesis. work on gram positive infections. linezolid (anti MRSA)
adverse reactions due to antimicrobials are dependent on
dose and duration of therapy
types of adverse reactions due to antibiotics (10)
allergic reaction, immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylactic shock), delayed hypersensitivity (immune complex or cell mediated mechanism), gastrointestinal side effects, thrush, liver toxicity, renal toxicity, neurological toxicity, optic neuropathy, haematological toxicity,
what to remember when prescribing antibiotics
reduce 4 Cs- cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, co-amoxiclav
adverse reactions should be reported to
committee on safety of medicine
mutagenic antimicrobials
induce mutation in foetal chromosomes
teratogenic antimicrobials
associated with congenital abnormalities or both
prophylaxis
administration of antibiotics in order to prevent the future occurrence of infection. for example before an abdominal operation
empirical antimicrobial therapy
the use of antibiotics to treat a suspected bacterial infection despite lack of a specific bacterial diagnosis when needed. can be monotherapy or combination
outcomes of combination therapy can be
antagonistic, additive, synergistic
common combination of drugs
penicillin and gentamicin
low therapeutic index
difference between a therapeutic and a toxic dose is small eg vencomycin and gentamicin
susceptibility testing
E test for MIC- cut offs decide whether sensitive or resistant
anti fungal drugs (4)
polyenes, azoles , allylamines, echinocandins
all anti viral drugs are
virustatic
types of beta lactams
penicillins and cephalosporins
what do beta lactamases do
enzymes that provide resistance to beta lactic antibiotics. MRSA contains
types of penicillins
co-amoxiclav, amoxicillin, flucloxacillin
what do co amoxiclavs work on
coliforms
what do amoxicillins work on
gram negative organisms
what do flucloxacillins work on
staphylococcal infections
types of macrolides and what they work on
clarithromycin, erythromycin - gram positive organisms
example of quinolone and what they do
ciprofloxacin - active against nearly all gram negative
what is clindamycin
miscellaneous antibiotic. active against gram positive and anaerobes
when is genotypic analysis used
working out best antiviral to use
examples of polyenes
amphotericin B, nystatin
examples of azoles
fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole
examples of allylamines
terbafine is only one in common use (dermatophyte infections)
examples of echinocandins
caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin
anti herpes virus drugs include what suffix
clovir
anti HIV drugs
combination of more than 3. zidovudine, saquinavir, nevirapine
drugs for chronic hep B and C
interferon-a, ribavirin (C), laminidine (B)
drugs for viral respiratory infections
zanamivir, ostamivir, ribavirin, remdesivir
