Energy Flashcards

1
Q

1st law of energy changes

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another but the total energy of the universe remains constant (it cannot be destroyed)

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2
Q

2nd law of energy change

A

All energy transformations ultimately lead to more disorder in the universe

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3
Q

Entropy

A

Gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed system

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4
Q

As usable energy decreases and a unusable energy increases, the entripy ____

A

increases

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5
Q

How do cells follow the 2nd law

A

Chemical reactions produce heat which is discharged into the surrounding environment and disorders it, increasing the entropy

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6
Q

Gibbs free energy equation

A

G= H- TS

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7
Q

Enthalpy

A

Heat energy released

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8
Q

Free energy in a closed system can be defined by what 3 quantities

A

Enthalpy entropy and absolute temperature

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9
Q

What is Gibbs free energy used for

A

To define the spontaneity of a reaction

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10
Q

Spontaneous reactions occur when

A

If a system gives up energy or becomes more random and increases in entropy

Think of messy room and how much energy it takes to tidy it and how much energy is given up to make it messy

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11
Q

A spontaneous process must ____ enthalpy and or _____ entropy

A

Decrease,increase

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12
Q

Spontaneous energy changes will have a positive/ negative value for their change in free energy

A

Negative

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13
Q

Cells use what process to carry out thermodynamically unfavourable reactions/ reactions that have a positive free energy change

A

Energy coupling

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14
Q

Why do reactions not reach equilibrium in biology

A

Energy passes from the environment to the organism and back to the environment using pathways if reactions

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15
Q

What is dynamic steady state

A

When the rate of a and b processes between products are equal

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16
Q

Metabolism definition

A

The chemical processes in a living organism by which food is used for tissue growth

17
Q

What processes does free energy flow through

A

Catabolic and anabolic

18
Q

What are intermediary metabolites

A

Components that are in several pathways eg ATP

19
Q

Exergonic

A

Decrease in free energy

20
Q

Endergonic

A

Increase in free energy

21
Q

What type of reaction is ATP to ADP

A

Catabolic exergonic

22
Q

What makes a reaction unfavourable

A

Not easy, requires energy, harder to do

23
Q

What reaction is PEP an intermediate for

A

Glucose to pyruvate

24
Q

Phosphoryl transfer occurs where

A

ADP to ATP

25
Q

What provides energy in redox reactions

A

Electron flow

26
Q

Electron motive force is

A

The fact that electrons can accomplish work as they pass through chemical intermediates

27
Q

What do electron carrier molecules do

A

Transfer energy and facilitate biosynthesis reactions and fuel oxidation