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Nanotech article Flashcards

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1
Q

Nanomaterials measure between 1 and

A

100 nanometers

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2
Q

Nanos is the Greek word for a

A

Small person

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3
Q

A nanometer is 1…of a meter

A

Billionth

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4
Q

One of the main appeals of nano materials is that they have

A

Different properties than everyday materials

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5
Q

Nano materials do not melt at the same temperature as

A

Everyday materials and do not conduct electricity like everyday materials

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6
Q

The different properties in nano materials is due to an increase in their

A

Surface area and their unusual shapes

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7
Q

Their surface area and unusual shapes can affect how

A

Durable they are, how they conduct electricity and heat, and how they absorb light

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8
Q

A nanotube is essentially a sheet of pure

A

Carbon graphite rolled into a cylinder

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9
Q

In an individual graphite layer called graphene carbon atoms form a series of

A

Six sided hexagons next to one another

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10
Q

When a graphene sheet is rolled up to form a tube the tubes wall is made of

A

Carbon hexagon

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11
Q

Hexagons can be parallel to the

A

Axis of the tube or form a helix that winds along the tube

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12
Q

A nanotubes diameter and how the hexagons are arranged on the all affect the way nanotubes conduct

A

Electricity

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13
Q

A nanotubes diameter and how the hexagons are arranged on the wall affect the way nanotubes conduct

A

Electricity

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14
Q

Nanotubes diameter and hexagon arrangement make them useful for making electronic components

A

Much smaller than those currently used

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15
Q

The nanotubes are lighter and stronger than steel and this they could make

A

Good body armor

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16
Q

Carbon nanotubes in the shape of long yarn-like fibers could outperform even the strongest

A

Bullet-proof materials on the market

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17
Q

Nano wires are solid rods of silicon or other

A

Materials that are only a few nano materials wide

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18
Q

A nanowires length is much longer than it’s worth and it behaves like a

A

Wire in which electrons can move this conducting an electric current

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19
Q

Nanowires have shown potential application in

A

Solar cells

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20
Q

Solar cells harvest the Suns energy and turn it into

A

Electricity more efficiently than present solar cells

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21
Q

Nanowires have been used to build sensors that can detect

A

Disease-triggering molecules in the body or harmful chemicals in the air

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22
Q

A “buckyball” (fullerene) is a hollow soccer ball shaped molecule made of

A

69 Carbon atoms, each Carbon atom bonded to three adjacent Carbon atoms

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23
Q

Other existing buckyballs contain either

A

70/80 Carbon atoms

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24
Q

Several academic laboratories and companies are developing modified buckyballs for

A

Therapeutic uses

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25
Q

Luna innovations is testing buckyball based therapeutics to block

A

Inflammation, swelling, and pain associated with medical conditions

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26
Q

This technology is based upon the buckyballs’ unique ability to trap harmful

A

Free radicals

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27
Q

Free radicals increase

A

Inflammation and can damage or kill cells

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28
Q

Free radicals are molecules that have an uneven number of

A

Electrons

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29
Q

Some free radicals form as part of an immune response targeting

A

Viruses and bacteria

30
Q

Environmental factors such as pollution radiation cigarette smoke and herbicides may create

A

Free radicals too

31
Q

The unpaired electron makes free radicals highly

A

Reactive

32
Q

Nanotechnology is a research area in hitch scientists use atoms and molecules to build

A

Materials that can be used in many areas such as health care clean energy sources and shrinking electronics

33
Q

To become stable, free radicals seek to pair that lone electron by taking an

A

Electron from anther molecule

34
Q

When this molecule loses its electron it becomes a

A

Free radical itself

35
Q

This chain reaction of free radicals ultimately damages the cell when the body cannot cope with

A

Too many free radicals

36
Q

Buckyballs can neutralize a dangerous free radical when it’s unpaired electron is transferred to

A

The buckyball forming a bond

37
Q

Buckyballs block allergic

A

Response

38
Q

Tejal desais group has designed a microchip with nanometer sized channels that will be able to steadily release a

A

Drug over time

39
Q

By using pores as small as 7 nanometers in diameter the scientists over bed constant

A

Release for tiny molecules of glucose

40
Q

The steady release of the glucose molecules over time is a result of the tiny size of the

A

Nanochannels, which limits how fast the molecule can be released

41
Q

A good oral drug delivery vehicle has to survive extreme

A

Acidity and digestive enzymes as well a mechanical agitation in the stomach

42
Q

Good oral delivery must also transfer the drug across a

A

Mucous layer which is meant to keep out foreign invaders

43
Q

Deals team has created a flat delivery decide which is able to dock on the intestinal wall and

A

Release drug through it allowing most of the drug to go to the targeted area

44
Q

Buckyballs have high potential for

A

Drug delivery

45
Q

Using buckyballs for drug delivery involves attaching drug molecules to the Carbon atoms on the

A

Surface of the buckyball

46
Q

Other molecules are added to the buckyballs to make them

A

Water soluble

47
Q

Making the buckyballs water soluble allows the medicines added buckyball to be

A

Absorbed by the bloodstream when swallowed or injected

48
Q

The buckyball can then release the drug upon reaching a

A

Chemical trigger

49
Q

A challenge in unit nanotechnology is creating better

A

Manufacturing methods

50
Q

Creating large quantities of nanoscale materials is time-

A

Consuming and expensive

51
Q

New technologies will have to be developed to safely and reliably

A

Snap atoms together

52
Q

Standards and measurements will need to be created to ensure the

A

Quality of the resulting nano materials

53
Q

Nanotechnology still holds many

A

Unknowns

54
Q

Several programs are looking at the possible societal and

A

Ethical impacts of nanotechnology

55
Q

Other programs are Testing the safety of exposing our environment and bodies to

A

Nanomaterials

56
Q

The u.s. House of reps passed s bill that requires federal agencies participating in the national nanotechnology initiative to develop a

A

Plan for environmental and safety research

57
Q

The national nanotechnology initiative is a program established in 2001 to coordinate nanotechnology

A

Research among various federal agencies

58
Q

To build Nanomaterials researched can modify a

A

Starting material

59
Q

With the top down approach a material is altered by

A

Mechanical or chemical means

60
Q

An electron beam or light are usually used to create

A

Nanomaterials

61
Q

The techniques are called electron beam

A

Lithography and photolithography

62
Q

In electron beam lithography a focused beam of electrons forms the circuit patterns needed for

A

Depositing material on or removing material from a surface

63
Q

Photolithography used light for the same purpose as

A

Electron beam lithography

64
Q

Photolithography is limited in the size of the patterns it creates by the

A

Wavelength of visible light

65
Q

Narrower features can be made by using ultraviolet light with

A

Shorter wavelength

66
Q

Electron beam lithography produced patterns in the order of

A

20 nanometers but takes longer and is expensive

67
Q

The bottom up approach starts with individual molecules or atoms and brings them together to form a

A

Product in which every atom is in a designated location

68
Q

Often molecules are designed and created so that they can spontaneously self assemble when a chemical or

A

Physical trigger is applied

69
Q

Weak interactions play an important role in

A

Bottom up manufacturing

70
Q

These bonds can be made and broken much more easily than the

A

Covalent bonds that bind most atoms in molecules

71
Q

Bottom up process hold great promise for the future because they lead to a wider variety of

A

Structures

72
Q

The ultimate goal of building products with atomic precision will require a

A

Bottom up approach

Chem (54 decks)

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