Nanotech article

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Nanomaterials measure between 1 and

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100 nanometers

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Nanos is the Greek word for a

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Small person

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A nanometer is 1…of a meter

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Billionth

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One of the main appeals of nano materials is that they have

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Different properties than everyday materials

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Nano materials do not melt at the same temperature as

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Everyday materials and do not conduct electricity like everyday materials

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The different properties in nano materials is due to an increase in their

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Surface area and their unusual shapes

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Their surface area and unusual shapes can affect how

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Durable they are, how they conduct electricity and heat, and how they absorb light

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A nanotube is essentially a sheet of pure

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Carbon graphite rolled into a cylinder

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In an individual graphite layer called graphene carbon atoms form a series of

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Six sided hexagons next to one another

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When a graphene sheet is rolled up to form a tube the tubes wall is made of

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Carbon hexagon

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Hexagons can be parallel to the

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Axis of the tube or form a helix that winds along the tube

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A nanotubes diameter and how the hexagons are arranged on the all affect the way nanotubes conduct

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Electricity

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A nanotubes diameter and how the hexagons are arranged on the wall affect the way nanotubes conduct

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Electricity

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Nanotubes diameter and hexagon arrangement make them useful for making electronic components

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Much smaller than those currently used

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The nanotubes are lighter and stronger than steel and this they could make

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Good body armor

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Carbon nanotubes in the shape of long yarn-like fibers could outperform even the strongest

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Bullet-proof materials on the market

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Nano wires are solid rods of silicon or other

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Materials that are only a few nano materials wide

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A nanowires length is much longer than it’s worth and it behaves like a

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Wire in which electrons can move this conducting an electric current

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Nanowires have shown potential application in

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Solar cells

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Solar cells harvest the Suns energy and turn it into

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Electricity more efficiently than present solar cells

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Nanowires have been used to build sensors that can detect

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Disease-triggering molecules in the body or harmful chemicals in the air

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A “buckyball” (fullerene) is a hollow soccer ball shaped molecule made of

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69 Carbon atoms, each Carbon atom bonded to three adjacent Carbon atoms

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Other existing buckyballs contain either

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70/80 Carbon atoms

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Several academic laboratories and companies are developing modified buckyballs for

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Therapeutic uses

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Luna innovations is testing buckyball based therapeutics to block

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Inflammation, swelling, and pain associated with medical conditions

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This technology is based upon the buckyballs' unique ability to trap harmful

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Free radicals

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Free radicals increase

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Inflammation and can damage or kill cells

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Free radicals are molecules that have an uneven number of

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Electrons

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Some free radicals form as part of an immune response targeting

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Viruses and bacteria

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Environmental factors such as pollution radiation cigarette smoke and herbicides may create

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Free radicals too

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The unpaired electron makes free radicals highly

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Reactive

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Nanotechnology is a research area in hitch scientists use atoms and molecules to build

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Materials that can be used in many areas such as health care clean energy sources and shrinking electronics

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To become stable, free radicals seek to pair that lone electron by taking an

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Electron from anther molecule

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When this molecule loses its electron it becomes a

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Free radical itself

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This chain reaction of free radicals ultimately damages the cell when the body cannot cope with

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Too many free radicals

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Buckyballs can neutralize a dangerous free radical when it's unpaired electron is transferred to

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The buckyball forming a bond

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Buckyballs block allergic

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Response

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Tejal desais group has designed a microchip with nanometer sized channels that will be able to steadily release a

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Drug over time

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By using pores as small as 7 nanometers in diameter the scientists over bed constant

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Release for tiny molecules of glucose

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The steady release of the glucose molecules over time is a result of the tiny size of the

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Nanochannels, which limits how fast the molecule can be released

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A good oral drug delivery vehicle has to survive extreme

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Acidity and digestive enzymes as well a mechanical agitation in the stomach

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Good oral delivery must also transfer the drug across a

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Mucous layer which is meant to keep out foreign invaders

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Deals team has created a flat delivery decide which is able to dock on the intestinal wall and

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Release drug through it allowing most of the drug to go to the targeted area

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Buckyballs have high potential for

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Drug delivery

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Using buckyballs for drug delivery involves attaching drug molecules to the Carbon atoms on the

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Surface of the buckyball

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Other molecules are added to the buckyballs to make them

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Water soluble

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Making the buckyballs water soluble allows the medicines added buckyball to be

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Absorbed by the bloodstream when swallowed or injected

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The buckyball can then release the drug upon reaching a

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Chemical trigger

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A challenge in unit nanotechnology is creating better

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Manufacturing methods

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Creating large quantities of nanoscale materials is time-

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Consuming and expensive

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New technologies will have to be developed to safely and reliably

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Snap atoms together

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Standards and measurements will need to be created to ensure the

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Quality of the resulting nano materials

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Nanotechnology still holds many

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Unknowns

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Several programs are looking at the possible societal and

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Ethical impacts of nanotechnology

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Other programs are Testing the safety of exposing our environment and bodies to

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Nanomaterials

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The u.s. House of reps passed s bill that requires federal agencies participating in the national nanotechnology initiative to develop a

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Plan for environmental and safety research

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The national nanotechnology initiative is a program established in 2001 to coordinate nanotechnology

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Research among various federal agencies

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To build Nanomaterials researched can modify a

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Starting material

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With the top down approach a material is altered by

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Mechanical or chemical means

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An electron beam or light are usually used to create

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Nanomaterials

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The techniques are called electron beam

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Lithography and photolithography

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In electron beam lithography a focused beam of electrons forms the circuit patterns needed for

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Depositing material on or removing material from a surface

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Photolithography used light for the same purpose as

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Electron beam lithography

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Photolithography is limited in the size of the patterns it creates by the

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Wavelength of visible light

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Narrower features can be made by using ultraviolet light with

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Shorter wavelength

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Electron beam lithography produced patterns in the order of

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20 nanometers but takes longer and is expensive

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The bottom up approach starts with individual molecules or atoms and brings them together to form a

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Product in which every atom is in a designated location

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Often molecules are designed and created so that they can spontaneously self assemble when a chemical or

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Physical trigger is applied

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Weak interactions play an important role in

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Bottom up manufacturing

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These bonds can be made and broken much more easily than the

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Covalent bonds that bind most atoms in molecules

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Bottom up process hold great promise for the future because they lead to a wider variety of

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Structures

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The ultimate goal of building products with atomic precision will require a

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Bottom up approach