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Chem > Ch 10 Section 2 > Flashcards

Ch 10 Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

liquids are the least common state of

A

matter in the universe

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2
Q

liquids are less common than solids and gases because a substance can exist in the liquid state only within a r

A

relatively narrow range of temperatures and pressures

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3
Q

a liquid can be described as a form of matter tha has a definite volume and

A

takes the shape of its container

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4
Q

the properties of liquids can be undrstood by applying the kinetic-molecular theory, considering the

A

motion and arrangement of molecules and the attractive forces between them

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5
Q

particles in a liquid are in

A

constant motion

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6
Q

the particles in a liquid are closer together than the particles in a

A

gas are

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7
Q

the attractive forces between particles in a liquid are more effective than those between

A

particles in a gas

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8
Q

this attraction between liquid particles is caused by

A

intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, London dispersion forces, and hydrogen bonding

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9
Q

some molecules at the surface of a liquid can have enough kinetic energy to overcome these forces and

A

enter the gas state

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10
Q

liquids are more ordered than gases because of the stronger intermolecular forces and the lower

A

mobility of the liquid particles

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11
Q

according to the kinetic-molecular theory of liquids, the particles are not

A

bound together in fixed position. they move about constantly (explains why liquids & gases are fluids)

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12
Q

fluid is a substance that can flow and therefore

A

take the shape of its container

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13
Q

most liquids naturally flow downhill because of

A

gravity

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14
Q

some liquids can flow in other

A

directions as well

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15
Q

at normal atmospheric pressure, most substances are hundreds of times denser in a liquid state than in a

A

gaseous tate

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16
Q

this higher density is a result of the close arrangement of

A

liquid particles

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17
Q

most substances are only slightly less dense (about 10%) in a liquid state than in a

A

solid state

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18
Q

water is one of the few substances that becomes less

A

dense when it solidifies

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19
Q

at the same temperature and pressure, different liquids can

A

differ greatly in densithy

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20
Q

when liquid water at 20 degrees celsius is compressed by a pressure of 1000 atm, its volume decreases by only

A

4%→behavior is typical of all liqudis and similar to behavior of solids

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21
Q

a gas under pressure of 1000 atm would have only 1/1000 of its volume at

A

normal atmospheric pressure

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22
Q

liquids are much less compressible than gases because liquid particles are

A

more closely packed together

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23
Q

like gases, liquids can transmit

A

pressure equally in all directions

24
Q

liquids also diffuse and mix with other

A

liquids

25
Q

any liquid gradually diffuses throughout any other liquid in which it

A

can dissolve

26
Q

the constant, random motion of particles causes diffusion in liquids, as it does in

A

gases

27
Q

yet diffusion is much slower in liquids because liquid particles are

A

closer together

28
Q

theh attractive forces between the particles of a liquid

A

slow their movement

29
Q

as the temperature of a liquid is increased, diffusion occurs more

A

rapidly

30
Q

the reason is that average kinetic energy, and therefore the average speed of the particles, is

A

incresaed

31
Q

a property common to all liquids is surface tension: a forced that tends to pull adjacent parts of a liquid’s surface together, thereby decreasing

A

surface area to the smallest possible size

32
Q

surface tension results from the attractive forces between

A

particles of a liqudi

33
Q

the higher the force of attraction, the higher the

A

surface tension

34
Q

water has a higher surface tension than most liquids because of the hydrogen bonds water molecules can

A

form with each other

35
Q

the molecules at the surface of the water can form hydrogen bonds with the other water molecules beneath them and beside them, but not with

A

the molecules in the air above them

36
Q

the surface water molecules are drawn togethyer and toward the body of the liquid, creating a

A

high surface tension

37
Q

surface tension causes liquid droplets to take on a spherical shape because a sphere has the smallest possible

A

surface area for a given volume

38
Q

capillary action, the attraction of the surface of a

A

liquid to the surface of a solid

39
Q

capillary action is a property closely related to

A

surface tension

40
Q

a liquid will rise quite high in a very narrow tube and will wet the tube if a strong attraction exists between the liquid molecules and the molecules that make up the

A

surface of the tube

41
Q

this attraction tends to pull the liquid molecules upward along the surface and against the

A

pull of gravity

42
Q

this process continues until the attractive forces between the liquid molecules and the surface of the tube are

A

balanced by the weight of the liquid

43
Q

capillary action can occur between

A

water molecules and paper fibers

44
Q

capillary action is at least partly responsible for the transportation of water from the roots of a plant to its

A

leaves t

45
Q

capillary action is also responsible for the concave liquid surface, called a meniscus, that forms in a

A

test tube or graduated cylinder

46
Q

the process by which a liquid or solid changes to a gas is

A

vaporization

47
Q

evaporation is the process by which particles escape from the surface of a

A

nonboiling liquid and enter the gas state

48
Q

evaporation occurs because the particles of a liquid have different

A

kinetic energies

49
Q

particles with higher-than-average energies move

A

faster

50
Q

some surface particles with higher-than-average energies can overcome the

A

intermolecular forces that bind them to the liquid and can then escape into the gas state

51
Q

evaporation removes fresh water from the surface of the ocean, leaving behind a heigher

A

concentration of salts

52
Q

boiling is the change of a liquid to bubbles of vapor that appear

A

throughout the liquid

53
Q

when a liquid is cooled, the average energy of its particles

A

decreases

54
Q

if the energy is low enough, attractive forces pull the particles into an even more

A

orderly arrangement

55
Q

the physical change of a liquid to a solid by removal of energy as heat is called

A

freezing or solidification

56
Q

all liquids freeze, although not necessarily at temperatures you

A

normally encounter

Chem (54 decks)

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