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Chem > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry is the study of the

A

Composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes

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2
Q

Instruments are routinely used in chemistry to

A

Extend our ability to observe and make measurements

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3
Q

Instruments make it possible to look at

A

Micro structures

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4
Q

Micro structures

A

Things too tiny to be seen with the unaided eye

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5
Q

The scanning electron microscope reveals

A

Tiny structures by beaming electrons at them

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6
Q

X rays can also be used to

A

Determine micro structures

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7
Q

X Ray diffraction pattern can be analyzed to

A

Reveal the arrangement of atoms, molecules, or other particles that make up the materials

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8
Q

By learning about micro structures chemists can

A

Explain the behavior of macrostructures

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9
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of most carbon containing compounds

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10
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

The study of non organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals (organometallics)

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11
Q

Physical chemistry

A

The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy

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12
Q

Analytical chemistry

A

The identification of the components and composition of materials

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13
Q

Because we now know that both living and non living matter consists of chrmical structures

A

Chemistry is central to all the sciences

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14
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of substances and processes occurring in living things

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15
Q

Theoretical chemistry

A

The use of math and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds

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16
Q

A chemical is any substance that has a

A

Definite composition

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17
Q

Knowing the properties of chemicals allows chemists to

A

Find suitable uses for them

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18
Q

Basic research is carried out for the sake of

A

Increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are

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19
Q

Basic research can result in

A

Chance discoveries

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20
Q

Applied research is generally carried out to

A

Solve a problem

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21
Q

In applied research researchers are driven not by curiosity or a desire to know but by a

A

Desire to solve a specific problem

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22
Q

Technological development typically involves

A

The production and use of products that improve our quality of life

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23
Q

Technological applications often

A

Lag far behind the discoveries that are eventually used in technologies

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24
Q

Basic research applied research and technological development often

A

Overlap.

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25
Discoveries made in basic research may lead to
Applications that can result in new technologies
26
Explaining what matter is involved
Finding properties that all matter has in common
27
Volume is the amount of
Three dimensional space an object occupies. All matter has volume
28
Mass is a measure of
The amount of matter. All matter has mass. Mass is the measurement you make using a balance.
29
Volume and mass are the
General properties of all matter
30
The fundamental building blocks of matter are
Atoms and molecules
31
Atoms and molecules make up
Elements and compounds
32
An atom is
The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element
33
An element is a
Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom
34
A compound is a substance that
Can be broken down into simple stable substances
35
Each compound is made from the
Atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded
36
Molecule
The smallest unit of an elect or compound that retains all of the properties or that element or compound
37
Every substance whether it is an element or a compound has
Characteristic properties
38
Chemists use properties to
Distinguish between substances and to separate them
39
A property may be a
Characteristic that defines an entire set of substances
40
The distinguishing property of metals is that they
Conduct electricity well
41
Properties can ell reveal the identity of
An unknown substance
42
Properties are either
Intensive or extensive
43
Extensive properties depend on
The amount of matter that is present
44
Examples of extensive properties
Volume mass and amount of energy in a substance
45
Intensive properties
Do not depend on the amount of matter present
46
Examples of intensive properties
Melting point Boiling point Density Ability to conduct electricity and to transfer energy as heat
47
Intensive properties are the same for
A given substance regardless of how much of the substance is present
48
A physical property is a
Characteristic that can be observed or measures without changing the identity of the substance
49
Physical properties describe the
Substance itself rather than describing how it can change into other substances
50
Examples of physical properties
Melting point, boiling point
51
Physical change
Doesn't involve a change in the identity of a substance
52
Examples of physical change
Grinding Cutting Melting Boiling
53
Change of state is a
Physical change of a substance from one state to another
54
3 common states of matter
Solid Liquid Gas
55
Matter in the solid state has
Definite volume and definite shape
56
Solids have definite volume and shape because the particles in them
Are packed together in relatively fixed positions
57
The particles in solids are held
Close together by the strong attractive forces between them and only vibrate about fixed pts
58
Matter in the liquid state has a
Definite volume but not a definite shape. A liquid assumes the shape of its container
59
Liquids have this characteristic because the particles in them are
Close together but can move past one another
60
Particles in a liquid move more
Rapidly than those in a solid, allowing them to overcome the strong attractive forces and flow
61
Matter in the gas state has neither
Definite volume not definite shape
62
All gases have this characteristic because they are compose of particles that
Move very rapidly and are at great distances from one another
63
At these great distances the attractive forces between has particles have
Less of an effect than they do at small distances (liquids and solids)
64
Plasma is a
High temperature physical state of matter in which atoms law most of the electrons
65
A change of state does not affect the
Identity of a substance
66
A chemical property relates to a substances ability to
Undergo changes that transform it into different substances
67
Chemical properties are easiest to see when
Substances react to form new substances
68
A chemical change or reactions is a change in which one or more substances are
Converts into different substances
69
Substances that react in a chemical change are called
Reactants
70
Substances that are formed by the chemical change are called
Products
71
Arrows and plus signs can be substituted for the words
Yields and plus
72
Chemical changes and reactions form products whose
Properties differ greatly from those of reactants
73
Chemical changes do not affect the total amount of
Matter present before and after a reaction
74
When physical or chemical changes occur
Energy is always involved
75
Although energy can be absorbed or released in a change it is not
Destroyed or created. It simply assumed a different form: law of conservation of energy
76
Composition of a pure substance is the
Same throughout and does not vary sample to sample
77
A pure substance can be an
Element or a compound
78
Mixtures contain more than
One substance and can vary in composition and properties from sample to sample
79
All matter can be classified in terms of
Uniformity of composition and properties or a given sample
80
Mixture
A blend of 2 or more kinds of matter each of which retains its own identity and properties
81
Components of a mixture are
Mixed together physically and can usually be separated
82
The properties of a mixture are a combination of
The properties of its components
83
Because mixtures can contain various amounts of different substances
A mixtures composition must be specified in terms o percentage by mass or volume
84
Homogenous mixtures
Uniform in composition; have the same proportion of components throughout
85
Homogenous mixtures are also called
Solutions
86
Heterogenous mixtures
Not uniform throughout
87
Some mixtures can be separated by
Filtration or vaporized to separate the different components
88
If the solid in a liquid-solid mixture settled to the bottom of the container the liquid
Can be carefully poured off (decanted)
89
Centrifuge can be used to
Separate some solid liquid mixtures
90
Paper chromatography can be used to
Separate mixtures of dyes or pigments because the different substances move at different rates on the papers
91
Any sample of a pure substance is
Homogenous
92
Pure substance
Has a fixed composition
93
Pure substances differ from mixture because
Every sample has exactly the same characteristic properties and composition
94
A compound can be decomposed into
Two or more simpler compounds or elements by a chemical change
95
All chemicals have some
Impurities
96
The purity ranking of chemical grades can vary when
Agencies differ in their standards
97
Primary standard reagent grade is always purer than the
Technical grade for the and chemical
98
Chemists need to be aware of the kinds of impurities in a reagent because
Impurities could affect the results of a reaction
99
Grades or chemical purity from least to greatest
``` Technical FCC NF CP USP ACS Primary standard reagents ```
100
Technical
Industrial chemicals
101
FCC
Food chemical code specifications
102
NF
National formulary specifications
103
CP
Chemically pure; purer than technical grade
104
USP
United States pharmacopoeia standards
105
Acs
American chemical society specified reagents
106
Weight changes with change if
Force of gravity. Mass remains the same
107
Mass is expressed in
Kilograms
108
Weight is measured in
Newtons
109
All elements are organized in
Periodic table. Represented by 1,2,3 letter symbols
110
Molecule is a natural group of
Atoms held together by covalent bonds
111
Gases are easy to
Compress
112
Plasma conducts
Electric current. Affected by electric and magnetic fluids
113
Alkali metals become
Plasma
114
More than 99% of known matter in the universe is made of
Plasma
115
Exergonic reaction
Net release of free energy
116
Endergonic reaction
Net absorption of energy

Chem (54 decks)

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