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chem > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemistry is the study of the

A

Composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes

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2
Q

Instruments are routinely used in chemistry to

A

Extend our ability to observe and make measurements

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3
Q

Instruments make it possible to look at

A

Micro structures

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4
Q

Micro structures

A

Things too tiny to be seen with the unaided eye

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5
Q

The scanning electron microscope reveals

A

Tiny structures by beaming electrons at them

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6
Q

X rays can also be used to

A

Determine micro structures

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7
Q

X Ray diffraction pattern can be analyzed to

A

Reveal the arrangement of atoms, molecules, or other particles that make up the materials

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8
Q

By learning about micro structures chemists can

A

Explain the behavior of macrostructures

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9
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of most carbon containing compounds

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10
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

The study of non organic substances, many of which have organic fragments bonded to metals (organometallics)

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11
Q

Physical chemistry

A

The study of the properties and changes of matter and their relation to energy

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12
Q

Analytical chemistry

A

The identification of the components and composition of materials

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13
Q

Because we now know that both living and non living matter consists of chrmical structures

A

Chemistry is central to all the sciences

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14
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of substances and processes occurring in living things

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15
Q

Theoretical chemistry

A

The use of math and computers to understand the principles behind observed chemical behavior and to design and predict the properties of new compounds

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16
Q

A chemical is any substance that has a

A

Definite composition

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17
Q

Knowing the properties of chemicals allows chemists to

A

Find suitable uses for them

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18
Q

Basic research is carried out for the sake of

A

Increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are

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19
Q

Basic research can result in

A

Chance discoveries

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20
Q

Applied research is generally carried out to

A

Solve a problem

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21
Q

In applied research researchers are driven not by curiosity or a desire to know but by a

A

Desire to solve a specific problem

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22
Q

Technological development typically involves

A

The production and use of products that improve our quality of life

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23
Q

Technological applications often

A

Lag far behind the discoveries that are eventually used in technologies

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24
Q

Basic research applied research and technological development often

A

Overlap.

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25
Q

Discoveries made in basic research may lead to

A

Applications that can result in new technologies

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26
Q

Explaining what matter is involved

A

Finding properties that all matter has in common

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27
Q

Volume is the amount of

A

Three dimensional space an object occupies. All matter has volume

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28
Q

Mass is a measure of

A

The amount of matter. All matter has mass. Mass is the measurement you make using a balance.

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29
Q

Volume and mass are the

A

General properties of all matter

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30
Q

The fundamental building blocks of matter are

A

Atoms and molecules

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31
Q

Atoms and molecules make up

A

Elements and compounds

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32
Q

An atom is

A

The smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical identity of that element

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33
Q

An element is a

A

Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom

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34
Q

A compound is a substance that

A

Can be broken down into simple stable substances

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35
Q

Each compound is made from the

A

Atoms of two or more elements that are chemically bonded

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36
Q

Molecule

A

The smallest unit of an elect or compound that retains all of the properties or that element or compound

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37
Q

Every substance whether it is an element or a compound has

A

Characteristic properties

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38
Q

Chemists use properties to

A

Distinguish between substances and to separate them

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39
Q

A property may be a

A

Characteristic that defines an entire set of substances

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40
Q

The distinguishing property of metals is that they

A

Conduct electricity well

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41
Q

Properties can ell reveal the identity of

A

An unknown substance

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42
Q

Properties are either

A

Intensive or extensive

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43
Q

Extensive properties depend on

A

The amount of matter that is present

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44
Q

Examples of extensive properties

A

Volume mass and amount of energy in a substance

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45
Q

Intensive properties

A

Do not depend on the amount of matter present

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46
Q

Examples of intensive properties

A

Melting point
Boiling point
Density
Ability to conduct electricity and to transfer energy as heat

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47
Q

Intensive properties are the same for

A

A given substance regardless of how much of the substance is present

48
Q

A physical property is a

A

Characteristic that can be observed or measures without changing the identity of the substance

49
Q

Physical properties describe the

A

Substance itself rather than describing how it can change into other substances

50
Q

Examples of physical properties

A

Melting point, boiling point

51
Q

Physical change

A

Doesn’t involve a change in the identity of a substance

52
Q

Examples of physical change

A

Grinding
Cutting
Melting
Boiling

53
Q

Change of state is a

A

Physical change of a substance from one state to another

54
Q

3 common states of matter

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

55
Q

Matter in the solid state has

A

Definite volume and definite shape

56
Q

Solids have definite volume and shape because the particles in them

A

Are packed together in relatively fixed positions

57
Q

The particles in solids are held

A

Close together by the strong attractive forces between them and only vibrate about fixed pts

58
Q

Matter in the liquid state has a

A

Definite volume but not a definite shape. A liquid assumes the shape of its container

59
Q

Liquids have this characteristic because the particles in them are

A

Close together but can move past one another

60
Q

Particles in a liquid move more

A

Rapidly than those in a solid, allowing them to overcome the strong attractive forces and flow

61
Q

Matter in the gas state has neither

A

Definite volume not definite shape

62
Q

All gases have this characteristic because they are compose of particles that

A

Move very rapidly and are at great distances from one another

63
Q

At these great distances the attractive forces between has particles have

A

Less of an effect than they do at small distances (liquids and solids)

64
Q

Plasma is a

A

High temperature physical state of matter in which atoms law most of the electrons

65
Q

A change of state does not affect the

A

Identity of a substance

66
Q

A chemical property relates to a substances ability to

A

Undergo changes that transform it into different substances

67
Q

Chemical properties are easiest to see when

A

Substances react to form new substances

68
Q

A chemical change or reactions is a change in which one or more substances are

A

Converts into different substances

69
Q

Substances that react in a chemical change are called

A

Reactants

70
Q

Substances that are formed by the chemical change are called

A

Products

71
Q

Arrows and plus signs can be substituted for the words

A

Yields and plus

72
Q

Chemical changes and reactions form products whose

A

Properties differ greatly from those of reactants

73
Q

Chemical changes do not affect the total amount of

A

Matter present before and after a reaction

74
Q

When physical or chemical changes occur

A

Energy is always involved

75
Q

Although energy can be absorbed or released in a change it is not

A

Destroyed or created. It simply assumed a different form: law of conservation of energy

76
Q

Composition of a pure substance is the

A

Same throughout and does not vary sample to sample

77
Q

A pure substance can be an

A

Element or a compound

78
Q

Mixtures contain more than

A

One substance and can vary in composition and properties from sample to sample

79
Q

All matter can be classified in terms of

A

Uniformity of composition and properties or a given sample

80
Q

Mixture

A

A blend of 2 or more kinds of matter each of which retains its own identity and properties

81
Q

Components of a mixture are

A

Mixed together physically and can usually be separated

82
Q

The properties of a mixture are a combination of

A

The properties of its components

83
Q

Because mixtures can contain various amounts of different substances

A

A mixtures composition must be specified in terms o percentage by mass or volume

84
Q

Homogenous mixtures

A

Uniform in composition; have the same proportion of components throughout

85
Q

Homogenous mixtures are also called

A

Solutions

86
Q

Heterogenous mixtures

A

Not uniform throughout

87
Q

Some mixtures can be separated by

A

Filtration or vaporized to separate the different components

88
Q

If the solid in a liquid-solid mixture settled to the bottom of the container the liquid

A

Can be carefully poured off (decanted)

89
Q

Centrifuge can be used to

A

Separate some solid liquid mixtures

90
Q

Paper chromatography can be used to

A

Separate mixtures of dyes or pigments because the different substances move at different rates on the papers

91
Q

Any sample of a pure substance is

A

Homogenous

92
Q

Pure substance

A

Has a fixed composition

93
Q

Pure substances differ from mixture because

A

Every sample has exactly the same characteristic properties and composition

94
Q

A compound can be decomposed into

A

Two or more simpler compounds or elements by a chemical change

95
Q

All chemicals have some

A

Impurities

96
Q

The purity ranking of chemical grades can vary when

A

Agencies differ in their standards

97
Q

Primary standard reagent grade is always purer than the

A

Technical grade for the and chemical

98
Q

Chemists need to be aware of the kinds of impurities in a reagent because

A

Impurities could affect the results of a reaction

99
Q

Grades or chemical purity from least to greatest

A 
Technical 
FCC
NF
CP
USP
ACS
Primary standard reagents
100
Q

Technical

A

Industrial chemicals

101
Q

FCC

A

Food chemical code specifications

102
Q

NF

A

National formulary specifications

103
Q

CP

A

Chemically pure; purer than technical grade

104
Q

USP

A

United States pharmacopoeia standards

105
Q

Acs

A

American chemical society specified reagents

106
Q

Weight changes with change if

A

Force of gravity. Mass remains the same

107
Q

Mass is expressed in

A

Kilograms

108
Q

Weight is measured in

A

Newtons

109
Q

All elements are organized in

A

Periodic table. Represented by 1,2,3 letter symbols

110
Q

Molecule is a natural group of

A

Atoms held together by covalent bonds

111
Q

Gases are easy to

A

Compress

112
Q

Plasma conducts

A

Electric current. Affected by electric and magnetic fluids

113
Q

Alkali metals become

A

Plasma

114
Q

More than 99% of known matter in the universe is made of

A

Plasma

115
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Net release of free energy

116
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Net absorption of energy

chem (54 decks)

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