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Chem > Chapter 2 Section 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Section 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Accuracy

A

The closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured

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2
Q

Precision

A

The closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way

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3
Q

Measured values that are accurate are close to the

A

Accepted value

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4
Q

Measured values that are precise are close to

A

One another but not necessarily close to the accepted value

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5
Q

The accuracy of an individual value or if an average experimental value can be compared

A

Quantitatively with the correct or accepted value by calculating the percentage error

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6
Q

Percentage error is calculated by subtracting the

A

Accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100

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7
Q

Percentage error=

A

Experimental-accepted
———————-x 100
Accepted

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8
Q

In science for a reported measurement to be useful there must be some indication of

A

It’s reliability or uncertainty

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9
Q

Percentage error has a negative value of the accepted value is

A

Greater than the experimental value. The opposite is also true

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10
Q

The skill of the measured places

A

Limits on the reliability of the results

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11
Q

Conditions of measurement and the measuring instruments themselves place

A

Limits on precision

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12
Q

When you use a properly calibrated measuring device you can be almost certain of a

A

Particular number of digits in a reading

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13
Q

The hundredths place is somewhat

A

Uncertain but should not be left out because you have some indication of the values likely range

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14
Q

Thus the value would be estimated to the final

A

Questionable digit, possibly including a plus-or-minus value to express range

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15
Q

Measured values are reported in terms of

A

Significant figures

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16
Q

Significant figures in a measurement consist of all the

A

Digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated

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17
Q

Term significant does not mean

A

Certain

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18
Q

In any correctly reported measured value the final

A

Digit is significant but not certain

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19
Q

Insignificant numbers are

A

Never reported

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20
Q

The significance of zeros in a number depends on

A

Their location

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21
Q

Zeros appearing between nonzero digits are

A

Significant

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22
Q

Zeros at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point are

A

Significant

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23
Q

Zeros at the end of a number but to the left of the decimal point

A

May or may not be significant

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24
Q

Zeros appearing in front of all nonzero digits are

A

Not significant

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25
Q

A decimal point placed after zeros indicated that they

A

Are significant

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26
Q

The answers given on a calculator can be

A

Derived results with more digits than are justified by the measurements

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27
Q

Answers have to be

A

Rounded off to make its degree of certainty match that in the original measurements

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28
Q

The extent of rounding required in a given Case depends on whether the numbers are

A

Being added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided

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29
Q

(Rounding rules) greater than 5

A

Increased by 1

30
Q

(Rounding rules) less than 5

A

Stays the same

31
Q

(Rounding rules) 5, followed by nonzero digits

A

Increases by 1

32
Q

(Rounding rules) 5, not followed by nonzero digits, and preceded by an odd digit

A

Be increased by 1

33
Q

(Rounding rules) 5, not followed by nonzero digits, and preceding significant digit is even

A

Stay the same

34
Q

When adding or subtracting decimals the answer must have the same number of

A

Digits to the right of the decimal point as there are in the measurement with the fewest digit to the right of the decimal pt

35
Q

When working with whole numbers the answer should be rounded so that the

A

Final significant digit is in the same place as the leftmost uncertain digit

36
Q

For multiplication or division the answer can have no more significant figures than are in the

A

Measurement with the fewest number of significant figures

37
Q

Conversion factors are typically

A

Exact

38
Q

Because the conversion factor is considered exact the answer would not be

A

Rounded

39
Q

Most exact conversion factors are

A

Derived, rather than measured, quantities

40
Q

Counted numbers also product

A

Conversion factors of unlimited precision

41
Q

In scientific notation numbers are written in the form

A

M x 10^n, where M is a whole number greater than or equal to one but less than 10 and n is a whole number

42
Q

Wen numbers are written in scientific notation only the

A

Significant figures are shown

43
Q

Determine M by moving the decimal point in the original number to the

A

Left/ right so that only one nonzero digit remains to the left of the decimal point

44
Q

Determine n by counting the number of places that you moved the

A

Decimal point. If you moved it to the left, n is positive. The opposite is also tee

45
Q

Addition and subtraction can be performed only if the by

A

Values have the same exponent (n factor)

46
Q

If they don’t have the same n factor, adjustments must be made to the values so that

A

Their exponents are equal

47
Q

The exponent of the answer can remain the same or it may then require adjustment if the

A

M factor of the answer has more than one digit to the left of the decimal point

48
Q

Multiplication the M factors are

A

Multiplied and the exponents are added algebraically

49
Q

Division the m factors are

A

Divided and exponent of denominator is subtracted from that of the numerator

50
Q

The first step in solving a quantitiative word problem is to read the problem

A

Carefully at least twice and to analyze the information

51
Q

Note any important descriptive terms that c

A

Clarify or add meaning
Identify and list data
Identify the unknown

52
Q

Develop a plan for solving the problem that shows how

A

Info given is to be used to find the unknown

53
Q

Decide which

A

Conversion factors
Mathematical formulas
Chemical principles you will need to solve the problem

54
Q

The third step involved substituting

A

The data and necessary conversion factors into the plan you have developed

55
Q

Computing

A

Calculate the answer
Cancel units
Round the result to the correct number of significant figures

56
Q

Calculate your answer to determine whether it is reasonable

A

Check if units are correct
Make an estimate of expected answer and compare with actual result
Check order of magnitude
Ensure that answer has correct number of significant figures

57
Q

Two quantities are directly proportional to each other if

A

Dividing one by the other gives a constant value

58
Q

When 2 variables, x And y, are directly proportional the relationship. An be expressed as

A

y ∝ x.

59
Q

y ∝ x.

A

Y is proportional to x

60
Q

General equation for a directly proportions relationship between two variables

A

Y
- = k
X

61
Q

K

A

Proportionally constant

62
Q

Equation expresses that in a direct proportion ratio between 2 variables

A

Remains constant

63
Q

Directly equation can be rearranged into

A

Y = kx

64
Q

If 2 variables are directly proportional their graph is

A

A straight line that passes through the origin

65
Q

Two quantities are inversely proportional to each other if their products are

A

Constant

66
Q

Equation for inversely proportional equation

A

y ∝ 1
-
X

67
Q

Equation thing for inversely means

A

Y is proportional to 1 divided by x

68
Q

Equation can be rewritten as

A

K = xy

69
Q

In this equation (inversely) if x increases, y must

A

Decrease by the same factor to keep the product constant

70
Q

Inversely proportional graph produced a

A

Curve called a hyperbola

Chem (54 decks)

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