Miscellaneous and Abnormal levels o

Question 1

Increased protein loss conditions such as nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy, blood loss, and extensive burns

Answer 1

Hypoproteinemia

Question 2

Caused by malnutrition or malabsorption, including types such as undernutrition, inadequate vitamins or minerals, overweight, and diet-related diseases

Answer 2

Hypoproteinemia

Question 3

Decreased protein synthesis due to liver diseases such as hepatic cirrhosis

Answer 3

Hypoproteinemia

Question 4

Increased protein catabolism in conditions like infection, inflammation, burns, or trauma (decreased Albumin, increased α1 and α2)

Answer 4

Hypoproteinemia

Question 5

Proteins that increase in inflammation including α1-antitrypsin, α1-acid glycoprotein, α1-antichymotrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, and CRP

Answer 5

Positive APRs

Question 6

Proteins that decrease during inflammation including pre-albumin, RBP, albumin, transferrin, and antithrombin

Answer 6

Negative APRs

Question 7

Immunodeficiency disorders characterized by reduced or absent gamma globulins

Answer 7

Hypogammaglobulinemia or Agammaglobulinemia

Question 8

Monoclonal gammopathy diseases such as multiple myeloma (IgG) and Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia (IgM, tall gamma peak)

Answer 8

Hyperproteinemia

Question 9

Caused by dehydration leading to a relative increase in protein concentration

Answer 9

Hyperproteinemia

Question 10

Oxygen carrier in muscles, cardiac marker for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), earliest to increase in case of acute MI, increases 2-3 hours of onset, peaks at 8-12 hours, increases in crushing injury and muscle dystrophy

Answer 10

Myoglobin

Question 11

Cardiac marker for acute coronary syndrome

Answer 11

Troponin (cTn)

Question 12

Neurohormones that affect body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure, marker for congestive heart failure

Answer 12

Brain Natriuretic peptide

Question 13

Cellular interaction (e.g. cell adhesion), adherence of the placenta to the uterus, increases in preterm labor and delivery

Answer 13

Fetal fibronectin (fFN)

Question 14

Proteolytic fragment of collagen, biochemical marker of bone resorption (destruction)

Answer 14

Cross-Linked C-Telopeptides

Question 15

Synonym: Prostaglandin D synthase, marker for CSF leakage (e.g. head injuries), increases with damage in the blood-brain barrier

Answer 15

β-Trace Protein

Question 16

Cysteine proteinase inhibitor, serum marker for glomerular filtration rate (kidney function), used for diabetes mellitus patients

Answer 16

Cystatin C

Question 17

Fibrous protein aggregates formed from alteration of β pleated sheaths, increases in amyloidosis, differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, low Aβ42 with high Tau proteins

Answer 17

Amyloid

Question 18

Condition characterized by cirrhosis with β-γ bridging

Answer 18

Hepatic damage

Question 19

Condition characterized by hepatitis with increased γ-globulins

Answer 19

Hepatic damage

Question 20

Condition characterized by obstructive jaundice with increased α2-globulins

Answer 20

Hepatic damage

Question 21

Burns, trauma, and infections causing increased α2-globulins

Answer 21

Burns and trauma

Question 22

Acute infections causing increased

Answer 22

α1 and α2-globulins

Question 23

Chronic infections causing increased

Answer 23

α1, α2, and γ-globulins

Question 24

Malabsorption or inadequate diet causing increased

Answer 24

α2 and β-globulins but decreased γ-globulins

Question 25

Immunodeficiency syndrome is characterized by decreased levels of what protein bands?

Answer 25

Decreased total protein and globulin levels

Question 26

Salt retention syndrome causing a decrease in

Answer 26

Albumin, globulins, and total protein

Question 27

Nephrotic syndrome characteristic of protein band

Answer 27

Decreased albumin, increased α2, decreased γ-globulin

Question 28

Protein-losing enteropathy protein band characteristic

Answer 28

Decreased albumin, increased α2, decreased globulin band

Question 29

Hepatic cirrhosis protein band characteristics

Answer 29

Polyclonal gammopathy, β-γ bridging

Question 30

Decreased albumin, increased α1 and α2 is a feature of

Answer 30

Immediate response pattern - acute inflammation

Question 31

Decreased albumin, increased α1 and α2, increased γ-globulin

Answer 31

Delayed response pattern - chronic inflammation

Question 32

Hypogammaglobulinemia pattern

Answer 32

Decreased γ-globulin

Question 33

Increased albumin and increased γ-globulin

Answer 33

Paraprotein - monoclonal gammopathy

Question 34

Detected sooner than troponin but not cardiac specific; negative predictor of AMI

Answer 34

Myoglobin

Question 35

Gold standard marker for ACS with sustained elevation

Answer 35

Cardiac troponins

Question 36

Marker that has greater cardiac specificity than TnT

Answer 36

TnI

Question 37

Structurally related neurohormones that affect body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure

Answer 37

Natriuretic peptides BNP and NT-proBNP

Question 38

Markers used in cases where creatinine measurement is not appropriate

Answer 38

Cystatin C and β Trace Protein

Question 39

Endogenous marker of GFR; correlates with serum cystatin C and urine microproteins; not influenced by glucocorticoid therapy

Answer 39

β Trace Protein

Question 40

Biomarker of bacteremia and sepsis; increases early in infection and has greater specificity for infection than CRP

Answer 40

Procalcitonin

Question 41

Plasma FN used as a marker for nutritional status and demonstrates cellular interactions like adhesion, differentiation, and wound healing

Answer 41

Fibronectin

Question 42

Inverse correlation with BMI; decreased levels indicate increased risk of metabolic syndrome

Answer 42

Adiponectin

Question 43

Biochemical marker of bone resorption and osteoporosis; proteolytic fragment of collagen I

Answer 43

Cross-linked C Telopeptides

Question 44

Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease characterized by what proteins

Answer 44

Neuronal thread protein, Amyloid β42, Tau protein (increased NTP, decreased Aβ42, and increased Tau proteins)