lilley ch 53 vitamins Flashcards
Organic molecules needed in small quantities for
normal metabolism and other biochemical
functions, such as growth or repair of tissue
vitamins
what category of vitamins cannot be stored in large quantities in the body
water-soluble
what groups of vitamins are water-soluble (2)
B
C
what groups of vitamins are fat-soluble (4)
A
D
E
K
where are fat-soluble vitamins stored
liver and fatty tissues
food sources vitamin A (3)
- green, yellow, orange vegetables and fruits
- liver, fish
- dairy products
functions of vitamin A (4)
- growth and development bones and teeth
- night and normal vision
- reproduction
- cholesterol and steroid synthesis
who should take vitamin a supplement (5)
infants pregnant and nursing women hyperkeratosis of skin night blindness severe acne
medicine containing vitamin a given for severe acne
isotretinoin
S+S toxicity vitamin a (3)
- infants: increased intracranial pressure
- generalized peeling of skin
- irritability, vomiting
sources vitamin D (4)
- fish
- milk, orange juice
- dairy products
- sun
where is vitamin d biotransformed by parathyroid hormone
liver
where is vitamin d converted to most active form
kidney
functions vitamin d (2)
- calcification of bones and teeth
- absorption/use of calcium and phosphorus
conditions due to long-term deficiency vitamin d (3)
osteomalacia
rickets
tetany
S+S toxicity vitamin d (4)
- hypertension, fatigue
- anorexia
- bone pain, osteoporosis
- impairment renal function
3 forms vitamin d supplements
Calcifediol (Calderol)
Calcitriol (Rocaltrol)
Ergocalciferol (Drisdol)
4 forms vitamin e
alpha
beta
gamma
delta tocopherol
food sources vitamin e (3)
- grains, fortified cereals
- meats, chicken, fish
- nuts
who was highest risk deficiency vitamin e
premature infants
2 adverse effects vitamin e
GI tract
CNS
3 types vitamin k
phytonadione (K1)
menaquinone (K2)
menadione (K3)
where is vitamin k2 synthesized in body
intestinal flora
functions vitamin k (3)
- blood coagulation factors in liver
- given prophylactically to newborn infants
- reverses effects warfarin
sources vitamin k (3)
- green leafy veggies
- soybean oils
- cheese
food sources vitamin b1 (thiamine) (4)
- enriched whole grain breads and cereals
- liver
- beans
- yeast
2 deficiencies vitamin b1
beriberi
wernickes encephalopathy
causes vitamin b1 deficiencies (5)
- extended fever
- hyperthyroidism
- liver disease
- alcoholism
- pregnancy and breastfeeding
functions vitamin b1 (2)
- carbohydrate metabolism
- krebs cycle
sources vitamin b2 (riboflavin) (5)
- green leafy veggies
- eggs, dairy products
- nuts, legumes
- meats, liver
- yeast, enriched whole grains
major cause vitamin b2 deficiency
alcoholism
biggest function vitamin b2
-normal respiratory function
S+S deficiency vitamin b2 (3)
- cheilosis (chapped lips)
- seborrheic dermatitis
- keratitis
indications vitamin b2
- migraines
- acne
- anemia
sources vitamin b3 (niacin) (3)
- beans
- turkey, tuna, liver
- yeast, enriched whole grains
2 functions vitamin b3
- antihyperlipidemic drug
- metabolic processes
condition caused by vitamin b3 deficiency
pellagra
3 adverse effects vitamin b3
flushing
pruritis
GI distress
sources vitamin b6 (pyridoxine) (4)
- yeast, whole grains
- fish, meat
- nuts
- vegetables, bananas
function vitamin b6
many metabolic functions
S+S vitamin b6 deficiency (3)
- anemia
- neurologic disturbances
- chapped lips
causes vitamin b6 deficiency (3)
- alcoholism
- heart failure
- drug induced: isoniazid, hydralazine
indications vitamin b6 supplements (2)
- morning sickness
- seizures
sources vitamin b12 (cyanocobalamin) (2)
- liver, kidney, fish
- milk, eggs
function vitamin b12
many metabolic functions
most common S+S untreated vitamin b12 deficiency
pernicious anemia
causes deficiency vitamin b12 (2)
malabsorption
poor dietary intake (vegetarian)
oral absorption vitamin b12 requires presence of what (secreted by parietal cells)
intrinsic factor
sources vitamin c (3)
- citrus fruits
- some veggies
- liver
condition caused by prolonged deficiency vitamin c
scurvy
S+S scurvy (4)
- bleeding gums, gingivitis
- anemia
- bone lesions
- delayed healing soft tissues and bones
S+S megadoses vitamin c (3)
- N/V
- headache, abdominal cramps
- acidified urine, possible stone formation
most abundant mineral element in body
calcium
efficient absorption of calcium requires adequate amounts of what vitamin
vitamin d
extra calcium required for who (2)
growing children
women pregnant or breastfeeding
calcium sources (4)
- milk and dairy products
- fortified cereals
- orange juice
- sardines, salmon
conditions associated with hypocalcemia (3)
infantile rickets
adult osteomalacia
osteoporosis
S+S hypercalcemia (5)
- anorexia
- N/V
- constipation
- cardiac irregularities
- severe: delirium, coma
drug interaction with calcium and result
tetracyclines (digoxin)
*result: chelation
one of principal cations of intracellular fluid
magnesium
2 important functions magnesium
nerve physiology
muscle contraction
sources magnesium (3)
- green leafy veggies
- meats, dairy
- cereal, nuts
causes hypomagnesemia (5)
- malabsorption
- alcoholism
- long term IV feedings
- diuretics and PPIs
- metabolic disorders
adverse effects hypermagnesemia (3)
- tendon reflex loss
- CNS depression
- resp distress
sources phosphorus (3)
- dairy
- meat
- peas
causes phosphorus deficiency (4)
- excessive diarrhea/vomiting
- hyperthyroidism
- long term antacids
- hepatic disease
phosphorus required for synthesis of what 2 things
nucleic acid
adenosine
adverse effects phosphorus (4)
- diarrhea
- N/V
- confusion, weakness
- breathing difficulties
trace element essential in metabolic reactions of proteins and carbohydrates
zinc
important function zinc
wound repair
sources zinc (4)
- red meats, oyster, liver
- milk products, eggs
- beans
- whole grains
