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PathoPharm > Lilley Ch 2 (pharmacologic principles) > Flashcards

Lilley Ch 2 (pharmacologic principles) Flashcards

1
Q

drugs with similar actions (1+1=2)

A

additive effects

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2
Q

any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer prescribed medication

A

adverse drug event

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3
Q

any unexpected, unintended, undesired or excessive response to a med given at therapeutic doses

A

adverse drug reaction

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4
Q

general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

A

adverse effects

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5
Q

drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

A

agonist

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6
Q

immunological hypersensitivity reaction resulting from unusual sensitivity of patient to a medication; type of adverse drug event

A

allergic reaction

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7
Q

combination of the 2 drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of each drug given alone (1+1= <2)

A

antagonistic effect

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8
Q

measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)

A

bioavailability

*IV meds have 100% bioavailability

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9
Q

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism

A

biotransformation

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10
Q

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen

A

blood-brain barrier

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11
Q

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

A

chemical name

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12
Q

any patient condition that makes the use of a medication dangerous.

A

contraindication

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13
Q

The general name for a large class of enzymes that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

A

cytochrome P-450

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14
Q

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug

A

dependence

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15
Q

dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption

A

dissolution

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16
Q

study or science of drugs

A

pharmacology

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17
Q

drug name with a registered trademark

A

trade name

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18
Q

two types drug classifications

A

structure

therapeutic use

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19
Q

first drug in a class of drugs

A

prototypical drugs

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20
Q

The study of how various drug forms influence the way in which the drug affects the body

A

pharmaceutics

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21
Q

order of dissolution of medications (fastest to slowest)

A
  • oral disintegration
  • liquids
  • suspension solutions
  • powders
  • capsules
  • tablets
  • coated tablets
  • enteric-coated tablets
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22
Q

absorption of food or drug through the GI tract (Tablets, capsules, suspensions, syrups, suppositories)

A

enteral route

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23
Q

drug administration by injection or infusion (Injectable forms of suspensions or solutions)

A

parental route

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24
Q

Drugs applied to the skin (Aerosols, ointments, creams, powders, foams, gels, transdermal patches, inhalers, rectal & vaginal suppositories)

A

topical route

*all topical routes avoid first pass effect except rectal

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25
Q

examples of parenteral route

A
  • IV

- injection: SubQ, IM, ID, intraarterial, intradermal, intrathecal, intraarticular

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26
Q

transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action; The study of what the BODY does to the DRUG

A

pharmacokinetics

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27
Q

movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream

A

absorption

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28
Q

when A drug absorbed in the intestine must first pass through the liver before it reaches the bloodstream

A

first pass effect

* PO meds have high first pass effect

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29
Q

what big organs are drugs first delivered to

A

heart
kidneys
liver
brain

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30
Q

why would unbound drugs be a problem

A

drugs need to bind to albumin

unbound drugs are free floating in bloodstream and can cause drug-to-drug interactions

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31
Q

what four things can metabolism alter a drug into

A
  • inactive metabolite
  • more soluble compound
  • more potent active metabolite
  • less active metabolite
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32
Q

what organ is most responsible for metabolism of drugs

A

liver

33
Q

enzymes that target lipid-soluble drugs that are more difficult to eliminate

A

cytochrome P-450 enzymes

34
Q

“fat loving” dissolve in fat or oil (cross cell membrane easily/ last longer)

A

lipophilic

35
Q

“water loving” dissolve in water (need help to cross cell membrane/ act faster & are eliminated faster)

A

hydrophilic

36
Q

the elimination of drugs from the body.

A

excretion

37
Q

primary organ responsible for excretion

A

kidneys

38
Q

time required for half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body

A

half life

*after 5 half lives, drug is out of system

39
Q

Physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

A

steady state

40
Q

highest blood level of drug

A

peak level

41
Q

lowest blood level of drug

A

trough level

42
Q

the time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

A

onset of action

43
Q

length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

A

duration of action

44
Q

occurs if the peak blood level of the drug is too high

A

toxicity

45
Q

study of what the DRUG does to the BODY

A

pharmacodynamics

46
Q

3 mechanisms of action in pharmacodynamics

A
  1. drug-receptor relationships (drug binds to cell receptor)
  2. enzymes (drug can inhibit or enhance enzyme’s action)
  3. nonselective interactions (drug’s target is cell membrane or cellular processes)
47
Q

The clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

A

pharmacotherapeutics

48
Q

when prescriber uses the drug for non-FDA –approved indications

A

off-label prescribing

49
Q

type of therapy prevents progression of a disease or condition (ex: birth control)

A

maintenance therapy

50
Q

type of therapy supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function (ex: insulin for diabetes and iron for anemia)

A

supplemental (or replacement) therapy

51
Q

type of therapy provides relief of symptoms with a goal of improving quality of life (ex: high-dose opioids in end stages of cancer)

A

palliative therapy

52
Q

type of therapy maintains the integrity of body functions while the patient recovers from illness or trauma (ex: blood products to patient who lost blood during surgery)

A

supportive therapy

53
Q

type of therapy prevents illness or undesirable outcomes.

A

prophylactic therapy

54
Q

type of therapy based on clinical probabilities

A

empiric therapy

55
Q

poisonous or harmful effects

A

toxic effects

56
Q

the ratio of a drug’s toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits

A

therapeutic index

57
Q

decreasing response to repeated drug doses

A

tolerance

58
Q

physiologic or psychological need for a drug

A

dependence

59
Q

physiologic need for a drug to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms

A

physical dependence

60
Q

also known as addiction and is the obsessive desire for the euphoric effects of a drug

A

psychological dependence

61
Q

2 drugs interact in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each given alone (1+1= >2)

A

synergistic effect

62
Q

2 parenteral drugs or medications are mixed together and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both (precipitate, color change, or haziness).

A

incompatability

63
Q

type of adverse drug reaction in which there is an extension of the drug’s normal effects (lower BP)

A

pharmacologic reaction

64
Q

type adverse drug reaction: immune system response to neutralize substance

A

hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction

65
Q

type adverse drug reaction: occurs unexpectedly in a particular patient

A

idiosyncratic reaction

66
Q

type adverse drug reaction: unwanted effects of 2 drugs given together

A

drug interaction

67
Q

adverse drug effect: drugs that are damaging to fetus

A

teratogenic

68
Q

adverse drug effect: permanent changes in the genetic composition of living organisms

A

mutagenic

69
Q

adverse drug effect: cancer causing agents

A

carcinogenic

70
Q

The study of natural (versus synthetic- lab created) drug sources (i.e., plant, animals, minerals)

A

pharmacognosy

71
Q

Study of the economic factors influencing the cost of drug therapy

A

pharmacoeconomics

72
Q

Science of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms

A

toxicology

73
Q

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

A

steady state

74
Q

what are the four first pass routes

A

hepatic arterial
rectal
portal venous
oral

75
Q

what drug type has response because drug binds to receptor

A

agonist

76
Q

what drug type has diminished response compared to agonist, but drug still binds to receptor

A

partial agonist

77
Q

what drug type has no response when drug binds to receptor and prevents binding of agonists

A

antagonist

78
Q

what drug type competes with agonist for binding to receptor, but if it binds, there is no response

A

competitive antagonist

79
Q

what drug type causes the agonist to have no effect because the drug combines with different parts of receptor and inactivates it

A

noncompetitive antagonist

PathoPharm (42 decks)

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