lewis ch 16 (acid base) Flashcards
normal range for pH
7.35-7.45
pH >7.45
alkalosis
pH<7.35
acidosis
•Act chemically to change strong acids to weak acids or bind acids • Fastest-acting system • Primary regulator of acid-base balance
buffer system
what body system buffers (compensates) CO2 (acid)
lungs
what body system buffers HCO3 (base)
kidneys
what happens to HCO3 if CO2 rises? if it falls?
increased CO2= increased HCO3
decreased CO2= decreased HCO3
normal range PaCO2
35-45 mmHg
normal range HCO3
22-26 mEq/L
normal range PaO2
80-100 mmHg
spO2 of 90% = ? PaO2
60 mmHg
increased pH, decreased PaCO2
respiratory alkalosis
decreased pH, increased PaCO2
respiratory acidosis
increased pH, increased HCO3
metabolic alkalosis
decreased pH, decreased HCO3
metabolic acidosis
normal saO2%
> 95%
CO2 and HCO3: if one is normal and the other is abnormal, the blood gas is ________________
uncompensated
CO2 and HCO3: if both are abnormal but arrows are in same direction, the blood gas is ___________________
partially compensated
CO2 and HCO3: if both are abnormal but arrows are in opposite directions, the blood gas is _____________
mixed metabolic and respiratory
if pH is normal but either CO2 or HCO3 are abnormal, the blood gas is _____________
compensated
what is respiratory acidosis caused by (2)
carbonic acid and CO2 excess
hypoventilation respiratory failure (COPD, pneumonia, atelectasis)
signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis (8)
- headache
- hyperkalemia
- dysrhythmias (increased potassium)
- drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
- muscle weakness
- hyperreflexia
- decreased bp
- rapid shallow respirations
what is respiratory alkalosis caused by (2)
carbonic acid and CO2 deficit
hypoxemia from acute pulmonary disorders
hyperventilation
how to treat respiratory alkalosis
breathe into closed system
signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis (7)
- seizures
- deep rapid breathing
- tachycardia
- hypokalemia
- numbness and tingling of extremities
- lethargy and confusion
- N/V
what is metabolic acidosis caused by (4)
excess carbonic acid or HCO3 deficit
- ketoacidosis
- lactic acid accumulation (shock)
- severe diarrhea
- kidney disease
how does the body compensate for metabolic acidosis
kussmaul respirations
signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis (7)
- decreased bp
- hyperkalemia
- muscle twitching
- warm flushed skin
- N/V/D
- changes in LOC
- kussmaul respirations
what is metabolic alkalosis caused by (2)
HCO3 excess
prolonged vomiting or gastric suction
gain of HCO3
signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis
- dysrhythmias (tachycardia)
- compensatory hypoventilation
- confusion
- N/V/D
- tremors, muscle cramps, tingling of fingers and toes
- hypokalemia
