Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PathoPharm > Lewis Ch 8 (Pain) > Flashcards

Lewis Ch 8 (Pain) Flashcards

1
Q

complex, multidimensional experience that can cause suffering and decreased quality of life

A

pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the most valid means of assessment with pain

A

self-report, subjective information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are negative consequences of unrelieved acute pain related to cardiovascular system

A

increased heart rate

increased bp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are negative consequences of unrelieved acute pain related to endocrine/metabolic system

A

increased cortisol

increased glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are negative consequences of unrelieved acute pain related to GI system

A

decreased gastric mobility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are negative consequences of unrelieved acute pain related to immunologic system

A

decreased immune response

increased risk of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are negative consequences of unrelieved acute pain related to neurological system

A

impaired cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

(dimension of pain) emotional responses include anger, fear, depression and anxiety; negative emotions impair patient’s quality of life

A

affective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(dimension of pain) observable actions (grimacing, irritability, coping skills) are used to express or control pain

A

behavioral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

(dimension of pain) beliefs, attitudes, memories, and meaning attributed to pain influence the ways in which a person responds to pain

A

cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

(dimension of pain) genetic, anatomic, and physical determinants of pain influence how painful stimuli are processed, recognized, and described

A

physiologic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(dimension of pain) age and gender influence nociceptive processes and responses to opioids; families and caregivers influence patient’s response to pain through their beliefs, behaviors and support; culture affects pain expression, medication use, pain-related beliefs, and coping methods

A

sociocultural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the five dimensions of pain

A 
affective
behavioral
cognitive
physiologic
sociocultural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Physiologic process that communicates tissue damage to the CNS

A

nociception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the four processes involved in nociception

A
  1. transduction
  2. transmission
  3. perception
  4. modulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(1/4 processes in nociception) release of chemical mediators, Conversion of a noxious mechanical, thermal, or chemical stimulus into a chemical signal called an action potential

A

transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(1/4 processes in nociception) The process by which pain signals are relayed to the spinal cord and then the brain.

A

transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(1/4 processes in nociception) Conscious awareness of pain

A

perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

(1/4 processes in nociception) Activation of descending pathways that exert inhibitory or faciliatory effects on the transmission of pain

A

modulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what five chemicals are released because of noxious stimuli during transduction

A 
prostaglandins
bradykinin
serotonin
substance P
histamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

two types of classifications of pain according to underlying pathology

A

nociceptive (somatic or visceral)

neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

1/2 types of pain according to underlying pathology

  • damage to somatic or visceral tissue
  • surgical incision, broken bone, arthritis
  • usually responsive to opioid and nonopioid analgesics
A

nociceptive (somatic or visceral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1/2 types of pain according to underlying pathology

  • damage to peripheral nerves or CNS
  • numbing, hot, burning, shooting, stabbing, or electrical in nature
  • sudden, intense, short lived, or lingering
  • due to trauma, inflammation, or metabolic diseases
  • not well controlled by opioid or nonopioid analgesics
A

neuropathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

type of pain according to duration

  • sudden onset
  • lasts less than three months or time takes to heal
  • mild to severe
  • usually precipitating event or illness can be identified
A

acute pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
type of pain according to duration - gradual or sudden onset - longer than 3 month duration or normal healing time - mild to severe - cause may be unknown
chronic pain
26
typical physical and behavioral manifestations of acute pain
- increased heart rate, bp, and resp rate - sweating, pallor - anxiety, agitation, confusion - urine retention
27
typical physical and behavioral manifestations of chronic pain
- flat affect - decreased physical activity - fatigue - withdrawal from social interaction
28
two types of somatic pain (nociceptive)
superficial | deep
29
type of somatic pain: Arises from skin, mucous membranes, and subcutaneous tissues
superficial
30
type of somatic pain: Arises from bone, joint, muscle, skin, or connective tissue
deep
31
type of nociceptive pain: Activation of nociceptors in the internal organs and lining of the body cavities; respond to inflammation, stretching, ischemia
visceral pain
32
what are examples of adjuvant analgesics used to treat neuropathic pain
- antidepressants - serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) - antiseizure drugs - transdermal lidocaine - a2-adrenergic agonists - NMDA receptor antagonists and a2-adrenergic agonists
33
The location of pain reported is different from site of injury or inflammation.
referred pain
34
common area referred pain for lungs and diaphragm
left side of neck (anterior and posterior)
35
common area referred pain for heart
jaw, middle of posterior shoulderblades, left arm
36
common area referred pain for liver
right side of neck (anterior and posterior) sternum mid-back on right side
37
common area referred pain for gallbladder
right shoulder
38
common area referred pain for ovaries
posterior and anterior sites lateral to umbilicus
39
common area referred pain for kidneys
low back on either side of spine | right lateral thigh
40
common area referred pain for ureters
anterior underwear region
41
common area referred pain for bladder
posterior inner thighs and buttocks
42
myelinated, rapidly conducting fibers that carry action potential from the nociceptors to spinal cord during transduction
A fibers
43
unmyelinated, slowly conducting fibers that carry action potential from the nociceptors to spinal cord during transduction
C fibers
44
increased susceptibility to nociceptor activation, ex: sunburn
peripheral sensitization
45
Nerves that carry pain impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord
primary afferent fibers
46
fibers that conduct pain rapidly and are responsible for the initial, sharp pain that accompanies tissue injury.
A fibers
47
fibers that transmit painful stimuli more slowly and produce pain that is typically aching or throbbing.
C fibers
48
what are the three segments are involved in nociceptive signal transmission
(1) transmission along the peripheral nerve fibers to the spinal cord (2) dorsal horn processing 3) transmission to the thalamus and cerebral cortex
49
areas on the skin that are innervated primarily by a single spinal cord segment.
dermatomes
50
neurons that project to the thalamus
second-order neurons
51
Increased sensitivity and hyperexcitability of neurons in the CNS
central sensitization
52
pain from a stimulus that is not typically painful
allodynia
53
processes that allow neurons in the brain to compensate for injury and adjust their responses to new situations or changes in their environment
neuroplasticity
54
type of neuropathic pain: Caused by primary lesion or dysfunction in the CNS Examples: Poststroke pain, pain associated with multiple sclerosis
central pain
55
type of neuropathic pain: Pain felt along the distribution of 1 or many peripheral nerves caused by damage to the nerve Examples: Diabetic neuropathy, alcohol-nutritional neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia, postherapeutic neuralgia
peripheral neuropathies
56
type of neuropathic pain: Pain resulting from a loss of or altered afferent input Examples: Phantom limb pain, postmastectomy pain, spinal cord injury pain
deafferentation pain
57
type of neuropathic pain: Pain that persists secondary to autonomic nervous system dysfunction Examples: Phantom limb pain, complex regional pain syndrome
sympathetically maintained pain
58
occurs when pain is recognized, defined, and assigned meaning by the person experiencing the pain
perception
59
transient, moderate to severe pain that occurs in patients whose baseline persistent pain is otherwise mild to moderate and fairly well controlled
breakthrough pain
60
pain that occurs before the expected duration of a specific analgesic
end-of-dose failure
61
increasing the dose beyond an upper limit provides no greater analgesia
analgesic ceiling
62
what nonopioid analgesic is liver toxic
acetaminophen (tylenol)
63
what nonopioid analgesic presents a great risk for GI bleeding
aspirin
64
what is the max daily oral dose of tylenol
300 mg
65
what are some examples of NSAIDs (5)
- celebrex - diclofenac K - ibuprofen - ketorolac - aleve
66
what are two examples of salicylates
aspirin | trilisate
67
what salicylate is used more often in low doses as a cardioprotective measure than for its analgesic properties
aspirin
68
what are examples of pure opioid agonists(6)
- oxycodone - hydrocodone - codeine - methadone - dilaudid - levorphanol
69
what two opioids are very likely to cause respiratory depressions
morphine | dolophine
70
what class of opioids (physiologic action) are these in: - codeine - fentanyl - hydrocodone with acetaminophen - dilaudid - levorphanol - dolophine - morphine - oxycodone - nucynta - oltram
agonists
71
what class of opioids (physiologic action) are these in: - butorphanol - talwin
mixed agonist-antagonist
72
what class of opioids (physiologic action) are these in: - buprenorphine - suboxone
partial antagonist
73
what opioid is largely avoided now because of its neurotoxicity and tendency to cause seizures
demerol
74
what is the most common side effects of opioids
constipation
75
what are the five levels of sedation in the POSS
sleep 1. awake and alert 2. slightly drowsy 3. frequently drowsy 4. somnolent
76
dose adjustment based on assessment of the adequacy of analgesic effect versus the side effects produced
analgesic titration
77
dose of 1 analgesic that is equivalent in pain-relieving effects to a given dose of another analgesic
equianalgesic drug
78
method that allows the patient to self-administer preset doses of an analgesic within a prescribed time period by activating an infusion pump
patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)
79
physical nondrug therapies to treat pain (5)
- heat and cold - TENS unit - acupuncture - massage - exercise
80
cognitive nondrug therapies to treat pain (4)
- distraction - hypnosis - imagery - relaxation strategies
81
common examples of barriers to pain management by patient
- fear of addiction - fear of tolerance - fear of side effects - desire to be stoic
82
early responses (12-24 hours) of opioid withdrawal
- anxiety - lacrimation - sweating - shaking, chills - dilated pupils
83
late responses (48-72 hours) of opioid withdrawal
- excitation - diarrhea - restlessness - fever - nausea and vomiting - hypertension - tachycardia - insomnia

PathoPharm (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions