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PathoPharm > lewis ch 38 - GI assessment > Flashcards

lewis ch 38 - GI assessment Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of the stomach (inner to outer)

A
  • mucosal: innermost
  • submucosa connective tissue
  • muscle (oblique, circular, longitudinal)
  • serosa: outermost
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2
Q

“rest and digest” - cholinergic system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

“fight or flight” - anticholinergic system, decreases digestion

A

sympathetic nervous system

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4
Q

major nerve that supplies blood to the GI tract and controls GI movements

A

auerbach plexic (myenteric)

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5
Q

system that regulates motility and secretion along entire GI tract, can function independently of CNS

A

enteric nervous system (ENS)

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6
Q

3 arteries that bring blood to the GI system

A
  • celiac artery: stomach and duodenum
  • superior mesenteric artery: distal small intestine to mid-large intestine
  • inferior mesenteric artery: distal large intestine through anus
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7
Q

what does the liver do in relation to the GI system

A

GI tract organs empty into hepatic vein which goes to the liver - liver cleans blood of bacteria and toxins from GI tract

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8
Q

what percent of cardiac output does GI tract receive at rest? after eating?

A

25-30% at rest

35+% after eating

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9
Q

lining of abdominal cavity walls

A

peritoneum

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10
Q

lining of abdominal organs

A

visceral layer

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11
Q

3 purposes of the GI system

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
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12
Q

hormone involved in appetite suppression

A

leptin

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13
Q

hormone involved in appetite stimulation

A

ghrelin

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14
Q

what can inhibit appetite (5)

A
  • stomach distention
  • illness (with fever)
  • hyperglycemia
  • N/V
  • certain drugs (amphetamines)
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15
Q

3 divisions of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngeal pharynx

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16
Q

what does the lower esophageal sphincter prevent

A

reflux of acidic gastric contents into esophagus

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17
Q

functions of stomach (3)

A
  • store food
  • mix food with gastric secretions
  • empty contents in small boluses into small intestine
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18
Q

functions of small intestine (2)

A
  • digestion and absorption

- uptake of nutrients from gut lumen to bloodstream

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19
Q

two types of cells found in the fundus of the stomach

A

chief cells

parietal cells

20
Q

what do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

21
Q

what do parietal cells secrete

A

secrete hydrochloric acid, water, and intrinsic factor

22
Q

where is protein broken down (and by what)

A

broken down by pepsin in the stomach

23
Q

where are carbohydrates and fats broken down

A

in small intestine

24
Q

where does most absorption occur

A

small intestine

25
Q

what are the three sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

26
Q

4 sections of the large intestine

A

cecum
colon
rectum
anus

27
Q

what does the large intestine absorb (2)

A

water and electrolytes

28
Q

what does the large intestine produce (2)

A

Vitamin K

some B vitamins

29
Q

in what patients would the valsalva maneuver be contraindicated (6)

A
  • head injury
  • eye injury
  • heart problems
  • hemorrhoids
  • abdominal surgery
  • liver cyrrhosis with portal hypertension
30
Q

describe the valsalva maneuver

A
  • patient holds breath and contract abdominal muscles
  • reduces venous flow to heart
  • decrease in cardiac output and bp drops
  • patient relaxes
  • sudden blood flow to heart, increased heart rate, bp rises
31
Q

what is the largest internal organ

A

liver

32
Q

what is the functional unit of the liver

A

lobule

33
Q

cells found in liver that carry out phagocytic activity, removing bacteria and toxins from blood

A

kupffer cells

34
Q

what form is bilirubin when its released into the bloodstream and binds to albumin

A

unconjugated bilirubin

35
Q

what form is bilirubin when its in the liver and combined with glucoronic acid as it is excreted as bile into intestine

A

conjugated bilirubin

36
Q

purpose of gallbladder

A

collects and stores bile (around 45 mL)

37
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

contributes to digestion through release of enzymes

38
Q

endocrine function of pancreas

A

alpha cells in islet of langerhans secrete glucagon

39
Q

what do the beta cells in the islet of langerhans secrete

A

insulin

amylin

40
Q

aging adult considerations relating to GI system

A
  • loss of teeth
  • decreased number of taste buds
  • decreased appetite
  • decreased sense of smell
  • less saliva
  • delayed emptying of esophagus
  • decreased HCl acid secretion
  • constipation
  • liver size decreased
  • gallbladder size decreased
41
Q

what is xerostomia

A

decreased saliva

42
Q

what are the four enzymes of the liver

A

ALT
AST
ALP
GGT

43
Q

normal ALT levels

A

4-36 U/L

44
Q

normal ALP levels

A

30-120 U/L

45
Q

normal GGT levels (men and women over and under 45 yo)

A

male and female >45 yo: 8-38 U/L

female <45 yo: 4-27 U/L

46
Q

normal AST levels

A

0-35 U/L

47
Q

what is a normal prothrombin clotting time

A

11-16 seconds

PathoPharm (42 decks)

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