Lewis Ch 11 (inflammation)

Question 1

what are the three purposes of inflammation

Answer 1

• Neutralizes and dilutes inflammatory agent
• Removes necrotic materials
• Establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair

Question 2

four steps of the inflammatory response

Answer 2

• vascular response
• cellular response
• formation of exudate
• healing

Question 3

explain the vascular response during inflammation

Answer 3

• brief vasoconstriction
• release of chemical mediators (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins)
• vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
• fibrinogen converted to fibrin
• clot

Question 4

what chemical mediators are released during vascular response (3)

Answer 4

histamine
kinins
prostaglandins

Question 5

explain the cellular response during inflammation

Answer 5

• chemotaxis (WBCs to injury: neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages)
• immune response
• phagocytosis

Question 6

what is the first leukocyte to arrive at site of injury during cellular response

Answer 6

neutrophil

Question 7

what leukocytes have a short life span, are phagocytic, accumulate as pus

Answer 7

neutrophil

Question 8

mature neutrophils are called

Answer 8

segmented neutrophils

Question 9

immature neutrophils are called

Answer 9

bands

Question 10

increase in immature band neutrophils is called

Answer 10

shift to the left

Question 11

Second type of phagocytic cells to migrate to site of injury during cellular response

Answer 11

monocytes

Question 12

what cell transforms to macrophages, have a long life span, and are phagocytic

Answer 12

monocytes

Question 13

chemical mediator that is proinflammatory, is a Potent vasodilators that contributes to increased blood flow and edema, and stimulates fever

Answer 13

prostaglandins

Question 14

chemical mediator that is a Powerful vasoconstrictor that causes pallor at site

Answer 14

thromboxane

Question 15

chemical mediator that is a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), Constricts smooth muscle of bronchi, causes Increased capillary permeability

Answer 15

leukotrienes

Question 16

type of inflammatory exudate: accelerates mucus production (ex: runny nose with upper resp tract infection)

Answer 16

catarrhal

Question 17

type of inflammatory exudate: occurs with increasing vascular permeability and fibrinogen leakage into interstitial spaces (ex: adhesions)

Answer 17

fibrinous

Question 18

type of inflammatory exudate: results from rupture/necrosis of blood vessel walls (ex: hematoma)

Answer 18

hemorrhagic

Question 19

type of inflammatory exudate: consists of WBCs, microorganisms, liquified dead cells, and other debris (ex: boil, abscess)

Answer 19

purulent (pus)

Question 20

type of inflammatory exudate: composed of RBCs and serous fluid, occurs during healing after surgery or tissue injury

Answer 20

serosanguinous

Question 21

type of inflammatory exudate: results from outpouring of fluid (ex: skin blister)

Answer 21

serous

Question 22

what are five local manifestations of inflammation

Answer 22

• heat
• loss of function
• swelling
• redness
• pain

Question 23

what are five systemic manifestations of inflammation

Answer 23

• WBC “shift to the left”
• malaise
• nausea
• increased pulse and respiratory rate
• fever

Question 24

what part of the brain raises the thermostatic set point during fever

Answer 24

hypothalamus

Question 25

what chemical mediator (cytokine) triggers fever

Answer 25

prostaglandins

Question 26

4 beneficial defense mechanisms of fever

Answer 26

- increased killing microorganisms - increased phagocytosis - increased production T cells - increased interferon activity

Question 27

predominant cell type at site of acute inflammation

Answer 27

neutrophil

Question 28

Predominant cell types during chronic inflammation

Answer 28

lymphocyte | macrophage

Question 29

two major components of process of healing during inflammation

Answer 29

regeneration | repair

Question 30

three types of wound healing

Answer 30

primary: approximated secondary: nonapproximated tertiary: delayed suturing

Question 31

what depth of tissue loss is involved in superficial tissue injury

Answer 31

epidermis

Question 32

what depth of tissue loss is involved in partial thickness tissue injury

Answer 32

extends to dermis

Question 33

what depth of tissue loss is involved in full thickness tissue injury

Answer 33

can extend to bone

Question 34

abnormal passage between organs or a hollow organ and skin

Answer 34

fistula

Question 35

complication of healing: separation of previously joined edges

Answer 35

dehiscence

Question 36

five complications of healing

Answer 36

``` infection fistula formation hemorrhage hypertrophic scars keloid scars ```

Question 37

what is the first and second most common sites for pressure injuries

Answer 37

1. sacrum | 2. heels

Question 38

pressure exerted on the skin when it adheres to the bed and skin layers slide in the direction of body movement (pulling patient up in bed)

Answer 38

shear

Question 39

steps for production of fever

Answer 39

- cytokines released - raised thermostatic set point - increased muscle contraction - shivering - vasoconstriction - decreased sweating

Question 40

what drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

Answer 40

- tylenol - NSAIDs - aspirin (salicylates)

Question 41

replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of the same type

Answer 41

regeneration

Question 42

more common type of healing with connective tissue to replace lost cells;usually results in scar formation.

Answer 42

repair

Question 43

3 phases in primary intention healing

Answer 43

1. initial inflammatory phase 2. granulation phase 3. maturation and scar contraction

Question 44

immature connective tissue cells that migrate into the healing site and secrete collagen

Answer 44

fibroblasts