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PathoPharm > Lewis Ch 11 (inflammation) > Flashcards

Lewis Ch 11 (inflammation) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three purposes of inflammation

A
  • Neutralizes and dilutes inflammatory agent
  • Removes necrotic materials
  • Establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair
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2
Q

four steps of the inflammatory response

A
  • vascular response
  • cellular response
  • formation of exudate
  • healing
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3
Q

explain the vascular response during inflammation

A
  • brief vasoconstriction
  • release of chemical mediators (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins)
  • vasodilation and increased capillary permeability
  • fibrinogen converted to fibrin
  • clot
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4
Q

what chemical mediators are released during vascular response (3)

A

histamine
kinins
prostaglandins

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5
Q

explain the cellular response during inflammation

A
  • chemotaxis (WBCs to injury: neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages)
  • immune response
  • phagocytosis
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6
Q

what is the first leukocyte to arrive at site of injury during cellular response

A

neutrophil

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7
Q

what leukocytes have a short life span, are phagocytic, accumulate as pus

A

neutrophil

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8
Q

mature neutrophils are called

A

segmented neutrophils

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9
Q

immature neutrophils are called

A

bands

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10
Q

increase in immature band neutrophils is called

A

shift to the left

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11
Q

Second type of phagocytic cells to migrate to site of injury during cellular response

A

monocytes

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12
Q

what cell transforms to macrophages, have a long life span, and are phagocytic

A

monocytes

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13
Q

chemical mediator that is proinflammatory, is a Potent vasodilators that contributes to increased blood flow and edema, and stimulates fever

A

prostaglandins

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14
Q

chemical mediator that is a Powerful vasoconstrictor that causes pallor at site

A

thromboxane

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15
Q

chemical mediator that is a slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), Constricts smooth muscle of bronchi, causes Increased capillary permeability

A

leukotrienes

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16
Q

type of inflammatory exudate: accelerates mucus production (ex: runny nose with upper resp tract infection)

A

catarrhal

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17
Q

type of inflammatory exudate: occurs with increasing vascular permeability and fibrinogen leakage into interstitial spaces (ex: adhesions)

A

fibrinous

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18
Q

type of inflammatory exudate: results from rupture/necrosis of blood vessel walls (ex: hematoma)

A

hemorrhagic

19
Q

type of inflammatory exudate: consists of WBCs, microorganisms, liquified dead cells, and other debris (ex: boil, abscess)

A

purulent (pus)

20
Q

type of inflammatory exudate: composed of RBCs and serous fluid, occurs during healing after surgery or tissue injury

A

serosanguinous

21
Q

type of inflammatory exudate: results from outpouring of fluid (ex: skin blister)

A

serous

22
Q

what are five local manifestations of inflammation

A
  • heat
  • loss of function
  • swelling
  • redness
  • pain
23
Q

what are five systemic manifestations of inflammation

A
  • WBC “shift to the left”
  • malaise
  • nausea
  • increased pulse and respiratory rate
  • fever
24
Q

what part of the brain raises the thermostatic set point during fever

A

hypothalamus

25
Q

what chemical mediator (cytokine) triggers fever

A

prostaglandins

26
Q

4 beneficial defense mechanisms of fever

A
  • increased killing microorganisms
  • increased phagocytosis
  • increased production T cells
  • increased interferon activity
27
Q

predominant cell type at site of acute inflammation

A

neutrophil

28
Q

Predominant cell types during chronic inflammation

A

lymphocyte

macrophage

29
Q

two major components of process of healing during inflammation

A

regeneration

repair

30
Q

three types of wound healing

A

primary: approximated
secondary: nonapproximated
tertiary: delayed suturing

31
Q

what depth of tissue loss is involved in superficial tissue injury

A

epidermis

32
Q

what depth of tissue loss is involved in partial thickness tissue injury

A

extends to dermis

33
Q

what depth of tissue loss is involved in full thickness tissue injury

A

can extend to bone

34
Q

abnormal passage between organs or a hollow organ and skin

A

fistula

35
Q

complication of healing: separation of previously joined edges

A

dehiscence

36
Q

five complications of healing

A 
infection
fistula formation
hemorrhage
hypertrophic scars
keloid scars
37
Q

what is the first and second most common sites for pressure injuries

A
  1. sacrum

2. heels

38
Q

pressure exerted on the skin when it adheres to the bed and skin layers slide in the direction of body movement (pulling patient up in bed)

A

shear

39
Q

steps for production of fever

A
  • cytokines released
  • raised thermostatic set point
  • increased muscle contraction
  • shivering
  • vasoconstriction
  • decreased sweating
40
Q

what drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

A
  • tylenol
  • NSAIDs
  • aspirin (salicylates)
41
Q

replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of the same type

A

regeneration

42
Q

more common type of healing with connective tissue to replace lost cells;usually results in scar formation.

A

repair

43
Q

3 phases in primary intention healing

A
  1. initial inflammatory phase
  2. granulation phase
  3. maturation and scar contraction
44
Q

immature connective tissue cells that migrate into the healing site and secrete collagen

A

fibroblasts

PathoPharm (42 decks)

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