Lesson 9, Chapter 3

Question 1

Innate defenses and nonspecific defenses

Answer 1

Defenses you are born with that work against many different pathogens.

Question 2

Components of first line defenses

Answer 2

Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, urine, and the cervix in women.

Question 3

Components of second line defenses

Answer 3

Inflammation, certain chemicals, natural killer cells, phagocytosis, and fever.

Question 4

Keratinocytes

Answer 4

Tough cells in your skin that provide a physical barrier against pathogens

Question 5

Keratin

Answer 5

A fibrous protein that helps your skin create a physical barrier to pathogens

Question 6

Chemokines

Answer 6

Chemicals your skin produces that attract neutrophils, macrophages, and T-cells to the site of infections

Question 7

Dendritic cells and Langerhans

Answer 7

Cells in your skin that constantly search for pathogens

Question 8

Antigen

Answer 8

A molecule presented by a dendritic cell to a T-cell, alerting it to the presence of a pathogen

Question 9

Beneficial bacteria

Answer 9

Bacteria that are not harmful

Question 10

Pathogenic bacteria

Answer 10

Bacteria that are harmful

Question 11

Mucus

Answer 11

A substance secreted by your mucous membranes

Question 12

Cilia

Answer 12

Hair-like structures that can move mucus towards your mouth or nose

Question 13

Goblet cells

Answer 13

Cells that produce mucus

Question 14

Tears

Answer 14

Fluid produced by glands associated with your eyes

Question 15

Saliva

Answer 15

Fluid produced by the salivary glands in your mouth

Question 16

Symbiotic relationship

Answer 16

A relationship that is mutually beneficial

Question 17

Urethra

Answer 17

The tube that carries urine from your bladder to outside your body

Question 18

Cervix

Answer 18

The opening to the uterus at the top of the vagina

Question 19

The inflammatory response

Answer 19

A nonspecific response that causes your blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow to an area of infection.

Question 20

Basophils

Answer 20

A type of white blood cell that secretes histamine

Question 21

Histamine

Answer 21

A chemical secreted by basophils that causes blood vessels to dilate.

Question 22

Neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 22

White blood cells that can phagocytize bacteria.

Question 23

Localized infection

Answer 23

An infection that is confined to one small part of your body.

Question 24

Systemic infection

Answer 24

An infection that affects multiple locations of your body.

Question 25

Lysozymes

Answer 25

Enzymes in tears that can kill pathogens so your eyes don’t get infected.

Question 26

Hydrochloric acid

Answer 26

A chemical that can kill pathogens in your stomach.

Question 27

Interferons

Answer 27

Proteins produced by lymphocytes that fight against viruses and cancerous cells.

Question 28

Defensins

Answer 28

Peptides that can make holes in the cell walls of bacteria.

Question 29

Peptides

Answer 29

Chemicals made up of a small number of amino acids.

Question 30

Complement

Answer 30

A group of proteins that trigger a cascade of events that stimulate inflammation and encourage phagocytosis.

Question 31

Natural killer (NK) cells

Answer 31

Cells that kill infected and cancerous cells by secreting perforins and increasing inflammation.

Question 32

Perforins

Answer 32

Chemicals secreted by NK cells that poke holes in cell membranes.

Question 33

Fever

Answer 33

A higher than normal body temperature.