LESSON 5: A5- Respiration Flashcards
How do our lungs work?
- Autonomic nervous system is what makes the respiratory system work
- As the body prepares to take in O2, this system sends signals to muscles around your lungs
-This thewn flattens the diaphragm and contracts the intercostal msucls between your ribs
- This cretaes more spcae for your lungs to expand
- Ait then enters nose and mouth through trachea and into bronchi that split the tracheas base, one enters each lung
-tree branch looking structure divides into thousands of their passages called bronchioles
- Bronchioles run throughout the parenchyma tissue
- At the end of eachy bronchiole nis a little air sack called an alevouls
- Alevouls are wrappyed in capillairess, full of red blood cells
-the red blood cells contain hemoglobin
-The air you breathe fills the alveolus which inflates your lungs
-Difussion occurs. Capalieres are packed with CO2, air sacks are filled with O2. Molecules fo each gas move to a place of lower concentration
-Oxygen corsses over to the capaliilers, hemoglobin then rgabs the O2 while CO2 is un.oaded into the lungs
-Oxygen-rich hemoglobin is transported throughout the body via bloodstream
-Autonomic nervous system starts again casuing the diaphragm to ball up and the intercostal muscles to relax
-This makes chest acviuty smaller and forces lungs to compress
-CO2 is expelled and cycle begins again
The air we breathe in is a mixture of gases including
78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.04% Carbon Dioxide and trace amounts of other gases
Oxygen is a key reactant in…
aerobic cellular respiration, the process we use to obtain energy from food
About 64% of the energy released during cellular respiration is released as…
thermal energy
ventilation
the process in more complex
organisms that ensures a fl ow of oxygenrich air to the lungs
aerobic cellular respiration
the series of
chemical reactions that occur in the cell
that provide energy and consume oxygen
phosphorylation
the addition of a
phosphate group to a molecule; in aerobic
cellular respiration the phosphate group is
added to ADP, creating the ATP molecule in
which energy is stored
The other 36% of the energy is stored…
In ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
-ATP is used by cells to power almost all of their processes
ATP is formed when…
- energy from the breakdown of glucose is
used to attach a phosphate group (P) onto a molecule called adenosine diphosphate
(ADP).
-The process that forms ATP from ADP, phosphate, and energy is called
phosphorylation. For each molecule of glucose that undergoes cellular respiration, 36 molecules of ATP are formed.
storing energy:
-Glucose molecules break down releasing energy
- Phosphorylation: a phosphate is added to a molecule (adenosine diphosphate [ADP])
-Energy is stored as Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Really big picture
High energy phosphate is broken
Energy is then created
When released we are then left with AD
When there is extra energy the phosphate…
is then reattached to ADP producing ATP which stors the energu
TRUE OR FALSE: ATP IS CONSTANLY BEING RECYCLED
TRUE
ATP is recycled! When there is extra energy not needed, the phosphate is reattached to ADP, producing ATP which stores the energy (like a rechargeable battery
All of the energy is stored in…
the extra phosphate bond that you can see in ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
How does O2 get to our cells?
Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange
oxygen diffuses into cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses out
Gas Exchange in simple organsisms:
can occur directly through cell membranes to/from surrounding environment (i.e. Jelly Fish)
complex organisms
specialized organs/systems and structures are required
We get the oxygen required for aerobic cellular respiration through…
gas exchange
-This is the process by which oxygen diffuses into, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of our cells
In simple organisms this is done directly through the cell membrane
The human respiratory system has 4 important structural features that allow it to function well:
- A thin permeable respiratory membrane across which diffusion can occur
- A large surface area to facilitate gas exchange
- A good supply of blood
- A breathing system for bringing oxygen rich-air into the system
Inhalation - Nose and Mouth
-Air from the outside enters the respiratory system by your nose and mouth
- Air is warmed and moistened in your nasal passage before it enters the lungs
- The nasal passage is also lined with hairs and mucus to filter out and trap any airborne particles
Why is it important for air to be moist and warm before entering nasal passage?
prevents damage to the thin, delicate tissue of your lung
Inhalation - Upper Tract
- Then, the air will reach the glottis
-and it will NOT be blocked by the epiglottis
- it will be left open to allow the air to enter the trachea
pharynx
throat
glottis
opening to trachea
trachea
tube connecting mouth to lungs
c-shaped rings on trachea called + function
cartilage
-has c-shaped rings of cartilage around it to keep it semi-rigid and open
why is trache lined with mucus producing cells and cilia?
-which protect the lungs from foreign matter (by trapping foreign particles and sweeping them upward to be swallowed, coughed, or sneezed out
cilia
hair like projections
bronchus
s one of the two main branches
of the trachea that lead toward the lungs
bronchiole
a tiny branch of a bronchus
that connects to a cluster of alveoli
alveolus
a tiny sac at the end of a
bronchiole that forms the respiratory
membrane
Travel into the Lungs
The trachea branches into two bronchi
The bronchi then branch off into smaller tubes called the bronchioles
These tubes end in small sacs called the alveoli which are surrounded by a network of capillaries
Each alveolus is tiny, and is surrounded by a bed of even tinier capillaries
There is approximately 150 million in each lung
The major organs of the respiratory system are your
two lungs
Lungs provide a thin…
the thin respiratory membrane, large surface area, and supply of blood required
Lungs are contained within your…
thoracic cavity
Lungs are protected by…
your rib cage
diaphragm
a large sheet of muscle
located beneath the lungs that is the
primary muscle in breathing
external intercostal muscle
a muscle
that raises the rib cage, decreasing
pressure inside the chest cavity
The large number of alveoli allow for…
maximum surface area for gas exchange
-This is facilitated by the warm, moist, and extremely thin membrane they are made of
-This allows for easy diffusion of gases across the membrane and into the blood
Gas exchange in humans occurs in both the
lungs and the body cells
How does gas exchaneg occur in the lungs?
In the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the air into the bloodstream where it is transported by red blood cells to the cells and tissues that make up the body
The cells of all tissues are surrounded by…
interstitial fluid
Oxygen will diffuse out of the blood into this fluid
The it will move from the fluid into the cells
At the same time, carbon dioxide is transported, but in reverse, out of the body
Difference between gas exchange and ventilation
Gas exchange:
The process of gases diffusing in and out of tissues with their concentration gradient is called gas exchange
Ventilation:
This process of moving oxygen-rich air to the lungs and carbon dioxide- rich air away from the lungs is called ventilation
What feature do the lungs not meet?
the mechanism of ventilation, the act of bringing in oxygen-rich air to the respiratory membrane
If Plungs > Patm, then…
air flow out of lungs
If Plungs < Patm,
then air flows into the lungs
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by a sheet of muscle called
diaphragm
When you inhale, the diaphragm
-contracts which shortens and flattened the muscle
What happens at the same time when you’re inhaling and your diaphragm contracts?
-your external intercostal muscle between each rib contract which pulls the rib cage up and out
The process of your diagprham contatcing and your intercostal muscle pulling the ribcaege up and down increases…
the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity, which decreases the pressure and causes air to rush into the lungs
Diaphragm contracts & Intercostal muscles contract =
More space, less pressure (brings air in)
Diaphragm relaxes & Intercostal muscles relax =
Less space, more pressure (push air out)
When there is more volume of the chest cavity….
the lungs can expand to fill the space
What happens durign ventilation, sepcifically when you exhale?
The diaphragm relaxes which lengthens and raises the muscle
At the same time, your external intercostal muscle between each rib relaxes which pulls the rib cage in and down
All of these processes act to decrease the volume and increase the pressure of the thoracic cavity, thus pushing the air out of the lungs
pleural membrane
a thin layer of connective
tissue that covers the outer surface of the
lungs and lines the thoracic cavity
pneumothorax
a collapsed lung caused
by the introduction of air between the
pleural membranes
The constant movement of the lungs can cause problems due to the friction on the delicate tissue if it were not for the…
pleural membrane
What is the pleural membranen filled with and what does it do?
It is filled with fluid which acts like a lubricant
