LESSON 4: A4- Specialized Digestion and Illness

Question 1

If stool colour is brown or green is it normal?

Answer 1

-Yes

Question 2

What does red stool mean?

Answer 2

-Bleeding along GI tract

Question 3

Pebble stool mean?

Answer 3

-Consitipation

Question 4

TRUE OR FALSE: Each animal species has unique adaptations to obtain and digest food

Answer 4

TRUE

For example, the mosquito has specialized mouth structures and a digestive system used to obtain nutrients from sucking blood

Question 5

Types of Digestion - Simple

Answer 5

Simple animals, like flatworms and jellyfish, have a simple digestive sac called the gastrovascular cavity

There is only one opening that serves as both an entrance for food and an exit for waste

Food is broken down in the cavity by chemicals and are absorbed by the surrounded cells that libe the gastrovascular cavity

Question 6

gastrovascular cavity

Answer 6

a simple, sac-like
digestive cavity that has only one opening
through which food is taken in and wastes
are expelled

Question 7

Types of Digestion - Complex

Answer 7

-More complex animals have a complete digestive system, like humans

-Even an earthworm has two openings and a digestive tract organized into specialized regions that enable the breakdown and absorption of food that moves only in one direction

-Some animals can regurgitate but overall, movement is in one direction

Question 8

What are the acessory organs?

Answer 8

Liver (near gallblader)
Pancreas (corn on the cob)
Gall Bladder (looks like a balloon)

Question 9

TRUE OR FLASE: “accessory” organs function to support the digestive system but are NOT part of the digestive tract.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What do acessory organs do?

Answer 10

Food does not pass through these organs. These organs support digestion by secreting substances that are needed for digestion, absorption, and excretion.

Question 11

Pancreas

Answer 11

The pancreas is a long flat gland found between your stomach and your duodenum

Question 12

What hormones does the pancreas secreate?

Answer 12

hormones that regulate blood sugar (i.e. insulin) and enzymes that aid in digestion

Question 13

hormones of the pancreas?

Answer 13

Amylase is secreted to help digest starch

Trypsin is secreted to help digest protein

Lipases are secreted to help break down lipids

Question 14

Secretin

Answer 14

-Hormone that stimulates the liver to make blie and encourage the pancreas to secreate lipd protien enzymes

• also acts as a digestive regulator

Question 15

What does insulin from the pancreas do?

Answer 15

• regulate sugar levels

-When sugar levels need to be levled out pancreas relaeses insulin and moves exccess sugars move to cells where it is used or store

-Insulin also tells liver to shut down sugar process

Question 16

If blood sugar is low what does pancreas do?

Answer 16

-Releases glycagon which tells cells and liver to release sugar to bloodstream

Question 17

What disease affects the pancreases ability to regulate sugar levels?

Answer 17

-Diabeties

-diseases like diatbities affect ability to produce insulin
-Which doesn’t allow us to digest important nuitrents

Question 18

Liver:

Answer 18

The liver is the largest internal organ and performs numerous bodily functions

-The liver also filters the blood of toxins (like alcohol), stores carbohydrates as glycogen, stores fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K), and many other important functions

Question 19

What is the livers role in digestion?

Answer 19

The main role in digestion is to release bile to emulsify fats and break them into tiny droplets called micelles to make them easier to digest

Question 20

Which accessory organ has great regenerative skills?

Answer 20

-The liver

Question 21

What two sources does the liver filter blood from?

Answer 21

-Hepatic artery (heart)

-Hepatic portal vein (intestine)

-Both pathways fill liver with nuitrents that it sorts,processes and stores with the help of lobules

Question 22

What does the liver break down?

Answer 22

-Breaks down carbs into sugars for ATP

-Leftovers are stored

Question 23

What pcan the liver produce

Answer 23

-Blood plasma protiens (Transports fatty acids, forms blood clots)

-Makes chloestrol which creates hormones

-Vitamin D

-Uses cells called hepatocytes to make toxins into bile

Question 24

Gall Bladder

Answer 24

Bile is being continually produced and when it is not needed, it is stored in the gall bladder

When lipids enter the duodenum, it stimulates the gall bladder to begin contracting (a hormone assists in the process of stimulating these contractions)

The bile can then be pushed through the cystic duct and released into the duodenum via the common bile duct

Question 25

Acid reflex

Answer 25

is caused when the gastroesophageal sphincter does not fully close

This allows acid from the stomach to enter the esophagus and cause a burning sensation

This can be triggered by overeating and overfilling the stomach or smoking which relaxes the sphincter and also increases acid production

Question 26

What can constant acid relfex lead to

Answer 26

-GERD
-Esophaglits (inflammed lining of esphagus)
-Asthma, chest congestions can be caused if breathing in stomach acid

Question 27

Stomach Ulcers

Answer 27

A bacteria, H.Plyori can survive in the low pH (highly acidic environment) of the stomach by secreting acid-neutralizing enzymes

-This bacteria also burrows into the mucus layer of the stomach and prevents the production of this mucus

-Can bleed

-treated with anti-biotics

-can spread to whole body if untreated

Question 28

Endoscopy

Answer 28

An endoscope is a narrow tube with a light source, lens, and a camera that can obtain images

This tube can be inserted through the mouth, anus, or a small incision through a process called endoscopy

If inserted through the anus/rectum and into the colon, it is called a colonoscopy
Where it is inserted, will depend on what area of the digestive tract they are looking to examine

-They are also designed with additional tools attached - like ones to remove tissue for a biopsy or to remove a gall bladder in surgery

-capsule endoscope exists too
-As it passes, it transmits photographic evidence to a receiver!