LESSON 4: A4- Specialized Digestion and Illness Flashcards
If stool colour is brown or green is it normal?
-Yes
What does red stool mean?
-Bleeding along GI tract
Pebble stool mean?
-Consitipation
TRUE OR FALSE: Each animal species has unique adaptations to obtain and digest food
TRUE
For example, the mosquito has specialized mouth structures and a digestive system used to obtain nutrients from sucking blood
Types of Digestion - Simple
Simple animals, like flatworms and jellyfish, have a simple digestive sac called the gastrovascular cavity
There is only one opening that serves as both an entrance for food and an exit for waste
Food is broken down in the cavity by chemicals and are absorbed by the surrounded cells that libe the gastrovascular cavity
gastrovascular cavity
a simple, sac-like
digestive cavity that has only one opening
through which food is taken in and wastes
are expelled
Types of Digestion - Complex
-More complex animals have a complete digestive system, like humans
-Even an earthworm has two openings and a digestive tract organized into specialized regions that enable the breakdown and absorption of food that moves only in one direction
-Some animals can regurgitate but overall, movement is in one direction
What are the acessory organs?
Liver (near gallblader)
Pancreas (corn on the cob)
Gall Bladder (looks like a balloon)
TRUE OR FLASE: “accessory” organs function to support the digestive system but are NOT part of the digestive tract.
True
What do acessory organs do?
Food does not pass through these organs. These organs support digestion by secreting substances that are needed for digestion, absorption, and excretion.
Pancreas
The pancreas is a long flat gland found between your stomach and your duodenum
What hormones does the pancreas secreate?
hormones that regulate blood sugar (i.e. insulin) and enzymes that aid in digestion
hormones of the pancreas?
Amylase is secreted to help digest starch
Trypsin is secreted to help digest protein
Lipases are secreted to help break down lipids
Secretin
-Hormone that stimulates the liver to make blie and encourage the pancreas to secreate lipd protien enzymes
- also acts as a digestive regulator
What does insulin from the pancreas do?
- regulate sugar levels
-When sugar levels need to be levled out pancreas relaeses insulin and moves exccess sugars move to cells where it is used or store
-Insulin also tells liver to shut down sugar process
If blood sugar is low what does pancreas do?
-Releases glycagon which tells cells and liver to release sugar to bloodstream
What disease affects the pancreases ability to regulate sugar levels?
-Diabeties
-diseases like diatbities affect ability to produce insulin
-Which doesn’t allow us to digest important nuitrents
Liver:
The liver is the largest internal organ and performs numerous bodily functions
-The liver also filters the blood of toxins (like alcohol), stores carbohydrates as glycogen, stores fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, & K), and many other important functions
What is the livers role in digestion?
The main role in digestion is to release bile to emulsify fats and break them into tiny droplets called micelles to make them easier to digest
Which accessory organ has great regenerative skills?
-The liver
What two sources does the liver filter blood from?
-Hepatic artery (heart)
-Hepatic portal vein (intestine)
-Both pathways fill liver with nuitrents that it sorts,processes and stores with the help of lobules
What does the liver break down?
-Breaks down carbs into sugars for ATP
-Leftovers are stored
What pcan the liver produce
-Blood plasma protiens (Transports fatty acids, forms blood clots)
-Makes chloestrol which creates hormones
-Vitamin D
-Uses cells called hepatocytes to make toxins into bile
Gall Bladder
Bile is being continually produced and when it is not needed, it is stored in the gall bladder
When lipids enter the duodenum, it stimulates the gall bladder to begin contracting (a hormone assists in the process of stimulating these contractions)
The bile can then be pushed through the cystic duct and released into the duodenum via the common bile duct
Acid reflex
is caused when the gastroesophageal sphincter does not fully close
This allows acid from the stomach to enter the esophagus and cause a burning sensation
This can be triggered by overeating and overfilling the stomach or smoking which relaxes the sphincter and also increases acid production
What can constant acid relfex lead to
-GERD
-Esophaglits (inflammed lining of esphagus)
-Asthma, chest congestions can be caused if breathing in stomach acid
Stomach Ulcers
A bacteria, H.Plyori can survive in the low pH (highly acidic environment) of the stomach by secreting acid-neutralizing enzymes
-This bacteria also burrows into the mucus layer of the stomach and prevents the production of this mucus
-Can bleed
-treated with anti-biotics
-can spread to whole body if untreated
Endoscopy
An endoscope is a narrow tube with a light source, lens, and a camera that can obtain images
This tube can be inserted through the mouth, anus, or a small incision through a process called endoscopy
If inserted through the anus/rectum and into the colon, it is called a colonoscopy
Where it is inserted, will depend on what area of the digestive tract they are looking to examine
-They are also designed with additional tools attached - like ones to remove tissue for a biopsy or to remove a gall bladder in surgery
-capsule endoscope exists too
-As it passes, it transmits photographic evidence to a receiver!
