FLASHCARDS FOR BACTERIA LAB+ CLASSIFYING BACTERIA AND BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
Characteristics of kingdom Bacteria
-Single-celled
-Prokaryotic
-Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
-Cell membrane
Cytoplasma
-Single looped chromosome
-Ribosomes
Where is the single looped chromosome found?
In the nucleoid
How do bacteria get around?
-Pili
-Flagella
Plasmids
Found in cytoplasma
-Small loop of extra genes
-not important but can be helpful
What does the sticky capsule of bacteria do?
-Prevents water loss
-Resists temperatures
-Keeps out anti-biotic virus
How many seperate groups does Eubacteria (Bacteria) have and how many are important?
It has more than 12 seperate groups amd 6 are considrd important
Round shaped bacteria name?
Coccus
Rod shaped bacteria name?
Bacillus
Spiral shaped bacteria name?
Spirilla
Bacteria that comes in pairs are called?
Diplo
Bacteria in chains are called?
Strepto
Bacteria in clusters are called?
Staphilo
TRUE OR FALSE
Some bacteria are autotrophs and some hetrotrophs?
TRUE
What process do bacteria go through in order to multiply?
Binary fissions
Why is it important to finish off anti-biotics that have been prescribed for a certain duration of use?
- One can become anti-botic resistant
- Remaing bacteria will remember the medication and fight it off
-If the illness was to occur aagain then it wouldn’t work agaisnt the illness
What do Marcophage do in our immune system?
- They swallow bacteria and trap it in its membrane
-Bacteria is broken down by enzyems and is killed
-Cause inflimation so that fighting off the infection is easier
What Neutrophils do in our immune system?
- Come into play when Marcophage is in distress
-Very reckless and kill eveything, including healhty cells
- Generate barriers that kill and trap bacteria
-Kill themselves after a while
What does the Dendritic cell do for our immune system?
Takes parts of the intruder and presents parts on outer layer
-From there decides if it wants anti-virus forces or bacteria forces (we will use bacteria in this example)
What do Anit-bacterial cells do in the immune system?
-Anti bacterial cells move to lymp nodes
-Helper T cells are activated and find a match with the dendrtitic cells outer kayer parts, helper T cells then duplicate , some become memory T cells
What do B cells do in the immune system?
- Replicate rapdily and work hard to fight agaisnt bacteria
- Die from exhsuation
- B cells produce anti-bodies which bind to the surface of the intruder
What is E.coli
- There are harmless strains that are found in our guts
-Harmful strains can cause infections, serious urinary probelms which can be caused by food poisoing
What is Shigella dysenteriae?
- Stomach ache
- High contaigous
-fever,cramps, diarrehea
What are the two ways bacteria can reproduce?
Sexually and asexually
Where does bacteria thrive most?
Moist enviroments
Binary Fissions
- When a cell repoduces asexually
- One parent is involved
-off-spring is identical ro parents and each other
Advantages of Binary fission?
-Simple: Only one parent needd
-Off-spring is fully formed (no maturation needed)
-Very fast
Disadvantages of Binary Fissions?
-no genetic variety (DNA is identical to parent)
-one unfavourable environmental condition can wipe out whole population
What are the steps to binary fission?
-Bacteria chromosome is attached to plasma
- Replication starts in 2 directions from some point in the bacteria chromosome
-DNA copy is attached at a membrane site near the attachment site of the DNA molecule
-New membrane and new wall material added transversly through cells midsection
-The ongoing oderly deposition of the membrane and wall at the midsection cuts in two
Sexual reproduction
-Two parents involved
-offspring are gentically different to each other
Advantages of Sexual reproduction
- Gentic variety i.e. some are able to adapt to unfavorbale condtions (ex:anti-biotic resistance)
Disadvantages of Sexual reproduction
- More complex: slower because must find a compatible partner
- No new individuals produced (i.e no increases in population)
Explain steps to bacterial conjugation
-First you start of a donor cell (F+) and a recipent cell (F-)
-Plasmid copies itself
-Passes through pili (created by donor with cytoplasma) into the recipent cell
-Cells seperate with both cells containg plasmids
Can bacterial conjugation occur between different speices of cells?
Yes
(Can work with same and different speices of cells.)
Factors that affect bacteria growth
-Temperature
-Nuitrents
-Oxygen availabilty
-Salt concentration
-pH
Ways the classify bacteria
1) if they cause disease
2) gram positive or gram negative
3) shape
4) configuration
5) oxygen requirements
6) nutrition
1) if they cause disease
Pathogenic and non-pathogenic
2) Gram Positive
-stain purple
-Cell wall contains peptidoglycan (protein)
2) Gram Negative
-stain pink
-cell wall does not contain peptidoglyca
3) Shape
-Coccus
-Bacillus
-Spirilla
4) Configuration
after division, many bacteria stay together in groups called colonies
-Diplo
-Strepto
-Staphilo
5.) oxygen requirements
aerobes
-need lots of O2
-anaerobes
cannot survive in the presence of O2
6) Nutrition
-can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
