LESSON 12- PLANT REPRODUCTION

Question 1

Types of reporduction

Answer 1

Sexual and Asexual

Question 2

Asexual: Budding

Answer 2

A new individual develops from an outgrowth on the body of an organism

Hydra reproduce this way

-When the conditions are favourable the hydra grows one or more extensions on the side of their bodies

-When they are large enough, these buds detach and live as a new genetically identical individual

Question 3

Asexual: Fragmentaion

Answer 3

a process in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

All fungi develop this way
-Mushrooms grow small pieces, called spores, which break off and then develop into a new genetically identical mushroom

Question 4

Asexual: Mitosis

Answer 4

A single cell dividing into 2 indentical daughter cells

Question 5

Pros of asexual reproduction:

Answer 5

• No seeking of mate

-Plantlets formed by asexual reproduction are more healthy tahan younge seedling produced by sexual reproduction. So plantlets have a higher survival rate

• Takes less energy because specialized reproductive structures are not formed

-If it had traits that allow it to survive certain conditoon, offspringa will have that ability too

Question 6

Cons of asexual reproduction:

Answer 6

• 1 unfavorable conditon could mean a population wiping out because genetic info is indetical

Question 7

Structures involved in Asexual reproductions

Answer 7

-corms
-stolons
-“eyes” on tubers

Question 8

Sexual: Meiosis

Answer 8

• contributes to variety
  -Meiosis makes gametes (sperm and egg cells)

Question 9

Sexual reproduction in Angiosperms

Answer 9

Pollunators brush agsint anters and pick up pollen

• When pollenatar brushes pollen from another flower onta stigma, the flower is pollinated
• Next the sperm joins a egg
• Pollen grains consist of 2 types of cell tube cells and generative cells

-Pollen grain lands on stigmas, uses the tube cells to burrow down a pollen tube from the stigma through the style to the inside area of the ovary

-Generatives cell which is inside the ovary will divide into 2 sperm cells

-From there, the sperm cells target an ouvle inside the ovary

• Each ovule has the potenial to devlope into a seed if fertilzed

-inside the ovule there is an egg cell and 2 polar nuclei

-one sperm cell fertizlies the egg, which forms a zygote

-the second sperm join with the 2 polar nuclei, whic devlopes Endosperm.

-ovary ripens and turns into fruit
-seeds trvael far from parent so they do not compete

Question 10

Parts involved in angiosperm sexual reprodcution

Answer 10

stamen, anther, filament, carpel, stigma, style

Question 11

style

Answer 11

the stalk that leads to the ovary

Question 12

stigma

Answer 12

the sticky surface on top of the
style

Question 13

carpel

Answer 13

the female reproductive fl oral part,
comprising a stigma, a style, an ovary,
and an ovule

Question 14

filament

Answer 14

the thin stalk that supports
the anther

Question 15

anther

Answer 15

the floral organ that produces
pollen

Question 16

stamen

Answer 16

the male reproductive fl oral part,
comprising an anther and a fi lament

Question 17

pistil

Answer 17

female reproductive structure

Question 18

Sepals

Answer 18

protect planst bud

Question 19

Sexual reproduction in Gymnosperms:

Answer 19

-Pollen from males cones are released
-female cones may pick up on the pollen, the pollen fertilizes in the ovule
-This makes a seed

Question 20

Sexual reporduction: non-vascular seedless

Answer 20

• Make egg and sperm

-sperm and egg find each other if its wet enough to swim to nearest egg

-egg fertilizes and creats sporophyte

-spores released into air and moist place

Question 21

Sexual reporduction in vascular seedless plants

Answer 21

• spores on underside of frond. fern leaf
• spores released into wild

Question 22

Pros of sexual reproduction

Answer 22

• adapts to a variety of envirments because of gentic variety

Question 23

Cons

Answer 23

• sepcalized organs needed to produce the sex cells
• May require more resources
• combining gentics may make offspring weak

Question 24

Gymnoseprms pollination

Answer 24

-wind pollination

-insect pollination

Question 25

Gymnoseprms fertilization

Answer 25

• 1 sperm nucules fertilizes eg and diploid

-zygote is formed

Question 26

Gymnosperms seed production

Answer 26

-zygote devlopes into embryo

-seed groes and become mature sporophyte

Question 27

Angiosperms pollination

Answer 27

Self-pollination: Plants pollinate themselves or another flower on the same plant.

Cross-pollination: Plants receive pollen from another plant, ensuring genetic diversity.

Animal Pollination: Insects and other small animals move from flower to flower collecting nectar and moving pollen.

Wind Pollination: Some plants lack colourful reproductive organs but produce large quantities of light pollen grains to increase the chances of pollen landing on a receptive reproductive organ.

Question 28

Fertlizarion in angiosperms

Answer 28

• When conditons are right pollen grain begins to hrow a pollen tube
• Pollen tube grows down style unti its is at ovary
• carry 2 haploid sperm nuclie to the ovary

-once pollen tube reacts ovary both sperm nuclei are involved in seperate fertilization events, called double fertilzation

• 1 sperm egg fertilizes the egg which forms zygote

-2nd sperm joins 2 polar nuclei

Question 29

Seed production in angiosperms

Answer 29

• ovary ripens and turns into fruit

-ovary wall turns into fruit wall –> pericarp