G10 - Mutations

Question 1

mistakes that can be made are called

Answer 1

mutations

Question 2

What impacts do mutations have

Answer 2

may have a positive or negative impact, or no effect on the individual at all

Question 3

What are mutations caused by

Answer 3

caused by chemicals, environmental factors, radiation, etc.

Question 4

Spontaneous mutations

Answer 4

are those that happen in nature by accident
These are a result of incorrect copying of DNA during the replication of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis

Question 5

Induced mutations

Answer 5

are a result of exposure to a physical or chemical agent
This would include mutations that are a result of exposure to UV radiation, cigarette smoke, chemicals in processed foods, etc.

Question 6

TRUE OF FALSE: Chromosome mutations involve a mutation involving an entire chromosome or large part of it

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

Give an example of chromosome muttions

Answer 7

Non-disjunction would be an example of a chromosome mutation that can happen in meiosis

Question 8

What can Non-disjunction result in?

Answer 8

result in genetic disorders if it happens in gametogenesis or early in development during mitosis

Question 9

A point mutation is a failure by the replicating cell to copy the genetic information accurately
This may be the result of a:

Answer 9

Base-pair substitution
Base-pair insertion
Base-pair deletion

Question 10

Types of chromosome mutations

Answer 10

deletiondeletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, and translocation

Question 11

TRUE OR FALSE: most mutations occur in the parts of DNA that do code for genes

Answer 11

most mutations occur in the parts of DNA that do NOT code for genes

Question 12

TRUE OR FALSE: many mutations that DO occur in the coding regions are immediately corrected during the replication process

Answer 12

true

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE: there is a LESS greater likelihood that these mutations (or “mistakes” that occur during mitosis) can lead to more devastating effects (i.e. diseases - like the development of cancer)

Answer 13

FALSE

there is a greater likelihood that these mutations (or “mistakes” that occur during mitosis) can lead to more devastating effects (i.e. diseases - like the development of cancer)

Question 14

Are mutations passed off it is somatic cell

Answer 14

Mutations that occur in somatic cells (body cells/autosomes) are not passed onto offspring so therefore, they do not affect future generations

Question 15

mutations that occur in the formation of gametes (sex cells) become part of the DNA of the….

Answer 15

zygote

means that the offspring/new individual will have a copy of the mutation in every cell of its body, including its sex cells, and will be able to pass it on to future generations
Example: The CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) allele that causes cystic fibrosis

Question 16

What is lactose in tolerence caused by…

Answer 16

a very common trait in which an individual is not able to digest lactose, the common sugar in milk
This is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase (which breaks down lactose)

Question 17

What will happen indivduals who are lactose intolerent and consume diary

Answer 17

If these individuals consume a lot of dairy, the undigested lactose will be metabolized by the intestinal bacteria which can cause bloating, cramping, and diarrhea

Question 18

Why are some people not lactose intolereant?

Answer 18

When babies are born, they are lactose tolerant in order to digest their mother’s milk
As they grow, most human children will lose their ability to produce the enzyme to digest dairy products
The remaining percentage of adult humans that can tolerate lactose are able to do so because of a genetic mutation

Question 19

What is sickle cell anemia caused by?

Answer 19

caused by a single nitrogenous base substitution

Question 20

How is sickle cell anemia a helpful and harmful mutation?

Answer 20

-Causes red blood cells to NOT be healthy and round, but instead, are c-shaped and less effective at moving oxygen around the body via the blood (as their shape does not allow for proper travel through the vessels)

-parasite malaria cannot survive in those with SCA
When the parasite enters a red blood cell of an individual with SCA, it causes the oxygen levels in the cell to drop and it becomes sickle shaped
Because the infected red blood cell is no longer doing its job, it is removed and destroyed by the body, along with the parasite! The parasite is killed!
Thus, this mutation has proven to be very beneficial in parts of the world where malaria is common

Question 21

What is an inhertied muation?

Answer 21

Cancer

Question 22

What tests can provide info of cancer

Answer 22

Biomarker tests

Question 23

How do anti-biotics work

Answer 23

kill or netrualize bacteria by interupting cell wall synthesis or protien synthesis

Question 24

How are mutated genes passed off?

Answer 24

reproduction, conjgation, death

Question 25

how are some bacteria resistant to anti-biotics

Answer 25

• some bactria have been mutaited which casues them to be resistant
• resistant genes make super bacteria which anti-biotics can’t fight off

Question 26

how do mutations change cells

Answer 26

Mutations are a change within nucleic acid
-RNA and DNA are types of nucleic acids

-mutations are often random

Question 27

TRUE OR FALSE: Genes can code for protiens that influence traits

Answer 27

TRUE

-Different protiens can be produced which can change trait

Question 28

why are insertion and deletion harmful point mutations?

Answer 28

-Because # of bases have changed and it can affect everything else
-this is called a frame shift mutation

Question 29

When are vunerbale times for mutations to occur?

Answer 29

-DNA replication stage
-Meiosis

Question 30

How are enzymes helpful

Answer 30

• respond and fix errors

Question 31

What are protiens jobs with errors

Answer 31

remove mismatch DNA and replace it

-Mismatch repair

Question 32

Why is UV damage more difficult to fix

Answer 32

• because it causes 2 nucleotides to stick together

Question 33

TRUE OR FALSE: Mutations can happen during a persons lifetime

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

How does the impact of the mutation depend on the protiens of the cell

Answer 34

-Some mutation control cell growth and deeath wich can increase chances of cancer