G10 - Mutations Flashcards
mistakes that can be made are called
mutations
What impacts do mutations have
may have a positive or negative impact, or no effect on the individual at all
What are mutations caused by
caused by chemicals, environmental factors, radiation, etc.
Spontaneous mutations
are those that happen in nature by accident
These are a result of incorrect copying of DNA during the replication of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis
Induced mutations
are a result of exposure to a physical or chemical agent
This would include mutations that are a result of exposure to UV radiation, cigarette smoke, chemicals in processed foods, etc.
TRUE OF FALSE: Chromosome mutations involve a mutation involving an entire chromosome or large part of it
TRUE
Give an example of chromosome muttions
Non-disjunction would be an example of a chromosome mutation that can happen in meiosis
What can Non-disjunction result in?
result in genetic disorders if it happens in gametogenesis or early in development during mitosis
A point mutation is a failure by the replicating cell to copy the genetic information accurately
This may be the result of a:
Base-pair substitution
Base-pair insertion
Base-pair deletion
Types of chromosome mutations
deletiondeletion, duplication, inversion, insertion, and translocation
TRUE OR FALSE: most mutations occur in the parts of DNA that do code for genes
most mutations occur in the parts of DNA that do NOT code for genes
TRUE OR FALSE: many mutations that DO occur in the coding regions are immediately corrected during the replication process
true
TRUE OR FALSE: there is a LESS greater likelihood that these mutations (or “mistakes” that occur during mitosis) can lead to more devastating effects (i.e. diseases - like the development of cancer)
FALSE
there is a greater likelihood that these mutations (or “mistakes” that occur during mitosis) can lead to more devastating effects (i.e. diseases - like the development of cancer)
Are mutations passed off it is somatic cell
Mutations that occur in somatic cells (body cells/autosomes) are not passed onto offspring so therefore, they do not affect future generations
mutations that occur in the formation of gametes (sex cells) become part of the DNA of the….
zygote
means that the offspring/new individual will have a copy of the mutation in every cell of its body, including its sex cells, and will be able to pass it on to future generations
Example: The CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) allele that causes cystic fibrosis
What is lactose in tolerence caused by…
a very common trait in which an individual is not able to digest lactose, the common sugar in milk
This is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase (which breaks down lactose)
What will happen indivduals who are lactose intolerent and consume diary
If these individuals consume a lot of dairy, the undigested lactose will be metabolized by the intestinal bacteria which can cause bloating, cramping, and diarrhea
Why are some people not lactose intolereant?
When babies are born, they are lactose tolerant in order to digest their mother’s milk
As they grow, most human children will lose their ability to produce the enzyme to digest dairy products
The remaining percentage of adult humans that can tolerate lactose are able to do so because of a genetic mutation
What is sickle cell anemia caused by?
caused by a single nitrogenous base substitution
How is sickle cell anemia a helpful and harmful mutation?
-Causes red blood cells to NOT be healthy and round, but instead, are c-shaped and less effective at moving oxygen around the body via the blood (as their shape does not allow for proper travel through the vessels)
-parasite malaria cannot survive in those with SCA
When the parasite enters a red blood cell of an individual with SCA, it causes the oxygen levels in the cell to drop and it becomes sickle shaped
Because the infected red blood cell is no longer doing its job, it is removed and destroyed by the body, along with the parasite! The parasite is killed!
Thus, this mutation has proven to be very beneficial in parts of the world where malaria is common
What is an inhertied muation?
Cancer
What tests can provide info of cancer
Biomarker tests
How do anti-biotics work
kill or netrualize bacteria by interupting cell wall synthesis or protien synthesis
How are mutated genes passed off?
reproduction, conjgation, death
how are some bacteria resistant to anti-biotics
- some bactria have been mutaited which casues them to be resistant
- resistant genes make super bacteria which anti-biotics can’t fight off
how do mutations change cells
Mutations are a change within nucleic acid
-RNA and DNA are types of nucleic acids
-mutations are often random
TRUE OR FALSE: Genes can code for protiens that influence traits
TRUE
-Different protiens can be produced which can change trait
why are insertion and deletion harmful point mutations?
-Because # of bases have changed and it can affect everything else
-this is called a frame shift mutation
When are vunerbale times for mutations to occur?
-DNA replication stage
-Meiosis
How are enzymes helpful
- respond and fix errors
What are protiens jobs with errors
remove mismatch DNA and replace it
-Mismatch repair
Why is UV damage more difficult to fix
- because it causes 2 nucleotides to stick together
TRUE OR FALSE: Mutations can happen during a persons lifetime
TRUE
How does the impact of the mutation depend on the protiens of the cell
-Some mutation control cell growth and deeath wich can increase chances of cancer
