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GRADE 11 BIOLOGY > E5 - Types of Evolution > Flashcards

E5 - Types of Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

species

A

all members of a population who can breed with one another under natural conditions

-AND whose offspring can do the same

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2
Q

TRUE IR FALSE:species continuously evolve

A

TRUE

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3
Q

When evolution leads to the evolution of an entirely new species, we call this….

A

speciation

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4
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

For a new species to form, individuals from the original species must evolve to become reproductively isolated from the remainder of the population
This would also involve a new independent population that can breed with one another

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5
Q

reproductive isolating mechanism

A

any factor which prevents two populations from interbreeding while in the same region

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6
Q

What is one way for a species to split into 2

A

-populations to seperate geographically

-changes in the sae trait keep speicies reproductivel isolated

ex. if lizard were in hot enviroment their dewlaps would change ti red
-males left with yellow dewlaps would not be recognzied by femakes, therefore reproductively isolated

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7
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Prezygotic

A

Reproductive isolating mechanisms may be classified as a prezygotic mechanism

-are mechanisms that prevent fertilization and zygote formation

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8
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Prezygotic: Behavioral isolation

A
  • using diff courtships
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9
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Prezygotic: temporal isolation

A

diff species breed at diff times of year

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10
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Prezygotic: ecological isolation

A

similiar species occupy diff habitats within a reigon

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11
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Prezygotic: mechanical isolation

A

diff features lead to incompatability

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12
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Prezygotic: gamte isolation

A

male gamete may not recognize and fertilze egg

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13
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Postzygotic

A

Reproductive isolating mechanisms may be classified as a postzygotic mechanism

-are mechanisms that prevent a fertilized egg from growing into a viable adult

**Viable means capable of sustaining life

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14
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Postzygotic: zygotic mortality

A

-mating possible but gentic diff may cause zygote to not form properly

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15
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Postzygotic: hybrid inviabvility

A

hybrid indivdual devleopes but dies before birth or dies before maturing

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16
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanism: Postzygotic: hybrid infertility

A

hybrid offspring is healhty, viable and seryile

i.e donkey can nto produce more donkey offsprings

17
Q

Modes of Speciation: Allopatric Speciation

A

Most new species form when a single species is separating into two geographically isolated populations

-This is called allopatric speciation

Once populations are physically separated, they cannot exchange genetic information so are reproductively isolated
They will respond to their environment and will become less and less similar over time.

18
Q

Modes of Speciation: Sympatric Speciation

A

Sympatric Speciation: A new species can also evolve from within a large population

-No geographic isolation is necessary
This can happen gradually, as a response to a change in the environment, or suddenly through a random mutation (the key here is that there is a reduction in gene flow between the populations)
Both species will inhabit the same geographic area but are genetically incompatible

19
Q

Types of Evolution: Adaptive Radiation

A

-Adaptive radiation occurs when a single species evolves into a number of distinct but closely related species (each new species fills a different niche)

-most commonly occurs when a variety of new resources become available that are not being used by other species

  • ex. darwins finches
20
Q

Types of Evolution: Divergent Evolution

A

-Divergent evolution is when a group/closely related groups (that share a common ancestor) are placed under selective pressures and therefore evolve to occupy unique niches (this is due to the development of differences over time)

SIMPLIFED: TWO OR MORE SPECIES DIVERGE FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR EX. WOLLY MAMMOTH AND ELPHANT

  • allowed us to develop such great biodiversity of life

-This is because all natural ecosystems require a number of species each with unique ecological roles
For example, we need producers, consumers, decomposers, and scavengers to maintain balance with the ecosystem (these roles are NEVER filled by a single species)

21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: WE HAVE EVOLUTION EVEN WITHOUT NATURAL SECTION

A

FALSE

  • WE MUST HAVE NATURAL SELECTION IN ORDER FOR EVOLUTION TO OCCUR
22
Q

Types of Evolution: Convergent Evolution

A

Convergent evolution occurs when two different species or taxa evolve to occupy similar ecological niches

SIMPLIFED: 2 OR MORE DISTINCT SPECIES SHARE TRAITS NOT DUE TO A COMMON ANCESTOR I.E BUTTERFLIES, BATS, BIRDS, ALL HAVE NO COMMON ANCESTOR WITH WINGS

Similar adaptations may be favoured in very different geographic regions that have very similar selection pressures

23
Q

Types of Evolution: Coevolution

A

-Coevolution is when a species’ evolutionary success is closely linked to that of another species

-For example, certain plants have evolved hard protective shells to protect their seeds while birds also developed stronger jaws and teeth for chewing through those same hard shells
In some extreme cases, species can become so closely dependent that the extinction of one species could lead to the extinction of the other
Symbiotic relationships are good examples of coevolution

24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: ISOLATION CAN GIVE RISE TO SPECIATON

A

TRUE

25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: ISOLATION IS A MECHNASIM FOR CHANGE OVER TIME

A

FALSE

IT IS NOT A MECHANISM FOR CHANGE OVER TIME

-HOWEVER IT CAB REDUCE GENE FLOW

26
Q

TRUE OR FLASE; CHANGE OVERTIM EWHICH CAN OCCUR IN THE GENE POOL POPULATION CAN BE DUE TO GENTIC DRIFT, NATURAL SECLTION

A

TRUE

27
Q

WHAT GROUNDBIRD SURVIVED THE DROUGHT

A
  • THE ONES WITH LARGER BEAKS

–> OFFSPRING GOT THESE BEAKS AS A RESULT OF NATIRAL SELECTION AND TEH TRAIT BEING FAVORED

28
Q

WHEN DID THE SMALLER BEAKED BIRDS SURVIVE

A

WHEN THERE WAS MROE WATER

THUS CHANGES LIKE THESE IN THE GALAPAGOS GENERATE DIFF SIZEZ OF BEAKS
-MALES ONLY RESPONDED TO SONGS OF THEIR OWN SPECIES
-APPERENCES ALSO PLAYED A ROLE

29
Q

HOW DO HUMANS IMPACT SPECICATION?

A

Many human activities, such as
agricultural expansion and the construction of roads, are causing once large habitats
to be fragmented into smaller areas that eff ectively isolate populations

30
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the relatively rapid
evolution of a single species into many
new species, fi lling a variety of formerly
empty ecological niches

31
Q
A

GRADE 11 BIOLOGY (43 decks)

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