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GRADE 11 BIOLOGY > A9- Blood and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

A9- Blood and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

You have an expansive network of tubes inside your body designed to transport blood to and from the body and lungs

A

Blood Vessels

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2
Q

aorta

A

the largest blood vessel in the
body, connected directly to the heart; the
aorta branches into arteries that carry
oxygenated blood to the body tissues

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3
Q

A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart towards the body tissues is called an…

A

artery

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4
Q

When are arteries nto carrying oxygenated blood?

A

The one exception to this rule is your pulmonary artery because it carries deoxygenated blood from right atrium to the lungs

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5
Q

The walls of the arteries are made of 3 layers of tissue

A

An outer layer of connective tissue
A middle layer of smooth muscle
A inner layer of epithelial (Endothelim) cells

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6
Q

What does the feeling of your pulse really mean?

A

you are actually feeling blood being forced through your arteries due to the contraction of your heart

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Arteries have valaves?

A

FALSE

Arteries do NOT contain valves!

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8
Q

As arteries branch off, they get smaller and smaller along the way
These smaller vessels are called the…

A

arterioles

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9
Q

What happen to artieris when heart conmtratcs and send blood around body?

A

Arteries expand

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10
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Outer layer of arteries has elastain fibers that gives vessels elasticity

A

TRUE

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11
Q

arteriole

A

the smallest artery, with smooth
muscle in its walls

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12
Q

vasodilation

A

an increase in the diameter
(dilation) of arterioles that increases the
blood flow to tissues

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13
Q

vasoconstriction

A

a decrease in the
diameter of arterioles that decreases the
blood fl ow to tissues

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14
Q

What type of muscle does arterioles have in their walls?

A

Smooth muscle in the walls

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15
Q

How do arterioles regulate their diamter?

A

nerves

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16
Q

What gives our faces a flushed look?

A

Nerve impluses in the smooth muscle in the arterioles in the skin can relax, which increases diamteter of blood vessles to give a flushed look

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17
Q

When smooth muscle inarterioles are relaxed…

A

diameter of bkood vessels increase which open the vessel

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18
Q

When body is cold what happenes to the vessels?

A

Vessels can close to restrict blood flow to skin to prevetn loss of heat

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19
Q

When an arteriole reaches the body tissue, it branches into the smallest vessel called …

A

capillaries

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20
Q

The walls of capillaries are only…

A

one cell layer thick and wide

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21
Q

What do caplilaires do?

A

provide oxygen and nutrients to every cell in the body

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22
Q

Where are capilaries found?

A

often are found in networks called capillaries beds

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23
Q

Capillaires facilitie exchange of…

A

waste, nutrients, gases, hormones between blood and body cells

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24
Q

How do nutrients and gasses like CO2 and O2 diffuse in capillaires?

A

Through the membrane

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25
Q

How do larger materails move through capillaries?

A

move through fluid filled spaces with capiliar cell mebranes

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26
Q

Interstial fluid contains…

A

-water
-nuittents
-gases
-wastes
-small protiens

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27
Q

Why is it a good thing that speed of bloodflow drops quickly while blood is forced into capalliaries?

A

Enchances diffusion

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28
Q

Higher fluid pressure on arterial side of capillary netwirk cause water to…

A

diffuse from blood into tissue fluid

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29
Q

Reduced concentration of water in blood increases the…

A

concentration of discolved substances and protiens in the blood increases the concentration of dissolved substanes and protiens in the blood as it corsses the capiliary network

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30
Q

Pre-capillary spinchinter

A

Is where the arteriole branches into a capillary. Th ese sphincter
muscles serve the same function as the dilation and constriction of arterioles.

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31
Q

What does the pre-capillary sphincter do when blood is not needed?

A

the pre-capillary sphincters contract
and reduce blood fl ow

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32
Q

What does the pre-capillary sphincter do when blood is needed?

A

arterioles and
sphincters are fully relaxed, and the blood fl ow to the muscles is increased.

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33
Q

venule

A

the smallest vein; formed by the
merging of capillaries

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34
Q

After the oxygen has diffused out of and the carbon dioxide has diffused into the blood, it needs to return to heart and lungs
After the capillary bed, it will enter…

A

venules

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35
Q

Venules and veins carry…

A

wastes and carbon dioxide back to the heart and lungs where it can be expelled

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36
Q

Veins almost always carry…

A

deoxygenated blood away from the tissues and towards the heart

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37
Q

The one exception in veins is…

A

the pulmonary vein because it carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and towards the heart (i.e. the left atrium)

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38
Q

Veins have the same three layer structure as arteries but…

A

but have a thinner layer of muscle and a wider opening

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39
Q

Valves and skeletal muscle contractions helps the blood…

A

fight gravity and push back towards the heart

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40
Q

Most veins contain valves that can…

A

open and close

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41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Arteries have lower blood pressure then veins

A

False

  • Veins have lower blood pressure
42
Q

Why do arteries have thicker walls?

A
  • so that they can handle high pressure of blood moving through them and transport blood around the body
43
Q

Why are veins thinner?

A
  • blood in veins has less pressure
44
Q

3 major types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capiliares
45
Q

Cells dump ____ into caoiularies and back into the the blood they go

A

CO2

46
Q

Capilary beds aid with?

A
  • Exchange nutrients
    -regulate blood pressure
    role in thermoregulation
47
Q

Cells send theri CO2 to the…

A

Venal end of the capilairy exchange

  • Capillaries unite into venuls and merge into veins which go back to the heart
48
Q

Why do pressure in the vessels need to be dropping?

A

Because fluid is always flowing from high to low pressure

49
Q

V.enus valves

A

Since veins have low blood pressrue these valves prevent blood from flwoing backwards

  • Without we would deal with hemorids
50
Q

Veins have a more broad lumen which allows for them to handle…

A

larger volumes of blood.

51
Q

Blood

A

the red fluid that circulates throughout our blood vessels

52
Q

bloods function

A

to act as the fluid in our body’s transport system, useful in immune system too

53
Q

Why are blood donors important?

A

Because there is no real sub for blood

54
Q

erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells. They are binocave shaped cells

55
Q

Why is the shape of the red blood cell important

A

This cell shape is advantageous because it increases the surface area which allows for more gas exchange

56
Q

Function of red blood cells?

A

to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs

57
Q

What does O2 attach to?

A

hemoglobinc

58
Q

serum

A

m the fluid that results when the
cells, platelets, and fibrinogen have been
removed from whole blood

59
Q

Red blood cells are formed in..

A

stem cells in the marrow of the vertebrae, ribs, breastbone, skull, and arm and leg bones

60
Q

What happens when red blood cells die?

A

After about 120 days in circulation, they will die and will be removed from the body by the liver or spleen

61
Q

Oxygen
is transported by the erythrocytes around the body and diffuses…

A

from the blood into
the tissue fluid, and from the tissue fluid into each cell.

62
Q

leukocytes

A

White blood cells

63
Q

Function of leukocytes

A

are your body’s first line of defense against harmful bacteria, viruses and organisms

64
Q

What process do leukocytes go through when they want to distroy something?

A

phagocytosis

65
Q

How are white blood cells formed?

A

formed in the bone marrow

66
Q

Phagocytosis

A

involves engulfing the bacteria within the cell membrane. One the cell has engulfed the target, enzyems are then released asd destroy the target and the leukocyte itself

67
Q

pus

A

a yellowish-white fluid formed in
infected tissue, consisting of white blood
cells and cellular debris

68
Q

2 catagories of leuckocytes

A
  • granular

-agranular

69
Q

Granular

A
  • smaller grain in cytoplasma
  • granules contain different chemicals to attack forgien materials
  • attraced to killing bacteria
70
Q

Types of gunular leuckocytes

A

Types:
-neutrophils
- eosinophils

-basophils

71
Q

Agraunlar

A
  • engulfs bacteria
72
Q

Types of Agraunlar leuckocytes

A

-lymphocytes, monocytes

  • monocytes grow into macrophage which clean up debris in our blood
73
Q

platelet

A

a cell fragment in the blood that
is necessary for blood clotting

74
Q

How are platelets produced?

A

produced from stem cells in the bone marrow

75
Q

Function of platelets?

A

They are essential in the blood clotting

  • When a blood vessel is broken, the platelets form a clot so that too much blood isn’t lost
76
Q

Stem cells

A

Stem cells, specifically blood stem cells, are immature cells that can develop into any cell present in the bloodstream. Without stem cells, the body cannot make the blood cells needed for the immune system to function.

77
Q

When patients need a stem cell transplant, it means…

A

their bone marrow (stem cell factory) has failed due to an illness

78
Q

3 ways to donate stem cells?

A
  • Bone marrow

-Phripheral Bloo dtsem cells (in bloodstream)

  • Unblilical cord
79
Q

Plasma

A

a protein-rich liquid in which blood cells and platelets are suspended

-It is yellow in colour and will rise to the top if you were to centrifuge a blood sample

80
Q

What is the makeup of plasma

A

90% water but also has many dissolved substances in it including oxygen, proteins, glucose, minerals, etc.

81
Q

blood proteins present in plasma include…

A

albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

82
Q

albumins

A

dtermine how much water enters and leaves bloodstream through osmosis

83
Q

globulins

A

transports lips, chlostrol, fats

84
Q

Fibrinogen

A

helps with blood clotting

85
Q

Blood compostion

A

55% Plasma
40-45% Red Blood Cells
0.7-1% White Blood Cells
Less than 1% Platelets

86
Q

What are the eight blood groups?

A

A+

A-

B+

B-

O+

O-

AB+

AB-

87
Q

How is blood type determined?

A
  • The presences or absence of sugars called markers on the cell memebrane of erythrocytes
88
Q

What are the 2 marks?

A

A and B

89
Q

If someone has none of the markers what blood type would they have?

A

Type O

90
Q

Why does incompabalilty occur with blood types?

A

Because marker act as antigens

  • When immune system finds antigen it blocks blood vessels and prevnts circulation
91
Q

Why is type O a universal blood type?

A

-has no markers so everyone can take it but people with this blood type can obnly take type O blood

92
Q

Explain donation process of type AB

A
  • Type AB can take all blood types since they have both marks but cannot give their blood to all other blood types
93
Q

RH system

A
  • Another antigens

-You either have all 45 different antigens or you have none of them

94
Q

RH+

A
  • If you have all 45 antigens you’re RH+
  • You can take + or -
95
Q

RH-

A
  • If you don’t have all 45 then you’re RH-
  • You can only take -
96
Q

CBC

A
  • Complete blood count
  • A hemocytometer is used to estimate # of ethrocytes, leuckocytes and platelets in a volume of blood
97
Q

Group A blood

A

Antibodies= Anti-B

Antigens= A antigen

98
Q

Group B blood

A

Antibodies= Anti-A

Antigens= B antigen

99
Q

Group AB blood

A

Antibodies= none

Antigens=A and B antigen

100
Q

Group O blood

A

Antibodies= Anti-A adn Anti-B

Antigens= none

101
Q

Artifical blood

A
  • Currently people are tying to be artifical blood because a supply of blood may nto always be safe
  • They’re fopcusing on the transport function of blood

Currently there is two works in progress:

-hemoglobin-based oxygen
carriers (uses cow or human blood, but cou8ld have a toxic effect on kidneys)

  • perfluorocarbon emulsions (synethic)
102
Q
A

GRADE 11 BIOLOGY (43 decks)

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