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GRADE 11 BIOLOGY > LESSON 10: Plant Anatomy > Flashcards

LESSON 10: Plant Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How do plants talk to each other?

A
  • Through the air
    -through the soil
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2
Q

Airbone chemicals

A

Plants rely on airborne chemicals to get messages from one part of a plant to another

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3
Q

Messages through soil

A

Plants can rely on sending messages through soil

-Plants have a symbiotic relationship with fungi
-fungi have networks to seperate plants whcih act like highways for chemcial messages

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4
Q

Plant cells

A

-are basic building blocks

Can specialize in form and function
-By working together, forming tissues, they can support each other and survive

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5
Q

Level of orginzation

A

-Atoms > Molecules > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Plant > Population

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6
Q

Plant vs, Animal cells

A

Plant + Animal:

  • Cytoplasma
    -Nucules
    -Cell membrane
    -mitochondria

Differences:

Plant:

-chlroplast
-Cell wall
-vacoule

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7
Q

Plant Cells and Tissues: Meristematic

A

-These cell are all developed from unspecialized cells called meristematic cells
-These are similar to stem cells in animals
-Active through the life of the plant

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8
Q

Where are Meristematic cells found?

A

-The growing tips of their roots and leaves
- A special layer of their stem called the cambium

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9
Q

Plant Cells and Tissues: Epidermal Tissues

A

These cells and tissues can be found on the exterior of the plant

–Clear and very thin layer of cells

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10
Q

Function of Epidermal tissue

A

These cells form a protective outer covering
-Allows for exchange of materials and gasses in and out of the cell

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11
Q

Example of epidermal tissue

A

Specialized guard cells form a pore
-The pore is called the stomata
Allows for exchange of CO2, H20 vapour, and O2

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12
Q

Plant Cells and Tissues: Ground Tissue

A

This tissue makes up the majority of the plant
The function will be different depending on where it is in the plant

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13
Q

Examples of ground tissue

A

-Ex: in the roots ground tissue is involved in food and water storage
-EX: in the leaves it is involved in photosynthesis and gas exchange
Called the mesophyll
-EX: in the stem it provides strength and support

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14
Q

Plant Cells and Tissues: Vascular Tissue

A

Transports water and nutrients throughout the plant

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15
Q

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem and Phloem

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16
Q

Xylem

A

-Xylem: responsible for the movement of water and minerals from the roots up to the stem and to the leaves (one way flow only of water and minerals)

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17
Q

Phloem

A

-Phloem: transports sugar produced in photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant (two way flow of food and water)

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18
Q

Plant Cells and Tissues: Xylem vs. Phloem

A

Xylem cells are DEAD!
-They are hollow cells and consist only of cell wall
-These cells transports water and dissolved minerals

Phloem cells are ALIVE!
-However, they lack nucleus and organelles
-These are the cells that transport organic materials (sugars)

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19
Q

Plant Organs: Roots

A

Roots are made up of epidermal, ground and vascular tissue

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20
Q

Functions of roots?

A

-Anchorage
-Absorption of water & dissolved minerals
-Storage (surplus sugars, starch)
-Conduction water/nutrients

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21
Q

Plant Organs: Stems

A

This organ is above-ground usually

This organ is also made of a combination of epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue

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22
Q

function of stems?

A

It serves many functions including:
-Support of leaves and fruits
-Transportation of water and sugars throughout plant (xylem and phloem)

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23
Q

Dicot and Monocot

A

There are more than one type of stem:

Monocot stems are circular shaped with lateral branches, they are bounded with a layer of dermis
-Dicot stems have a well defined epidermis with cuticle (layer of dermis with multicellular stem hair)

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24
Q

Woody stem and green stems

A

-Woody plants produce a hard woody stem above the ground
-Herbaceous plants produce soft flexible green stems above the ground

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25
Plant Organs: Leaves
The leaf is the ‘Photosynthetic factories’ of the plant The leaf is also made of epidermal, ground and vascular tissue -This means its major function is to perform photosynthesis which produces food for the whole plant Photosynthesis can be represented by the word equation below: Carbon dioxide + water 🡪 sugars (i.e. glucose) + oxygen (and sunlight energy) 6CO2 + 6H2O 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2
26
Uses of vascular, epidermal and ground tissue in leaves?
The epidermal tissue of the leaf is a transparent protective layer -May include a waxy cuticle and stomata with guard cells for gas exchange The ground tissue, called mesophyll, performs photosynthesis and is spongy to allow for gas exchange The vascular tissue is made of both xylem and phloem are for transportation of materials
27
Uses of vascular, epidermal and ground tissue in Stems
The epidermal tissue of the stem provides protection -This may include the production of a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss or trichome hairs for protection The ground tissue is there for support, storage of materials and photosynthesis if green The vascular tissue is made of both xylem and phloem are for transportation of materials
28
Uses of vascular, epidermal and ground tissue in Roots
Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant -Ground tissue serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides support for vascular tissue, and helps to store water & sugars -Vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars to other parts of the plant The root epidermal tissue is there for protection and absorption of water -It also has root hairs that increase the surface area The root ground tissue is there to provide support and store sugars, starches and other substances The vascular tissue is made of both xylem and phloem are for transportation of materials
29
chloroplast
an organelle found in large numbers in many plant cells; the site of photosynthesis within a plant cell
30
photopigment
a pigment that undergoes a physical or chemical change in the presence of light
31
blade
the fl at part of a leaf
32
petiole
the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the plant stem
33
venation
the arrangement of veins within a leaf
34
mesophyll
the photosynthetic middle layer of cells in the leaf of a terrestrial plant
35
palisade mesophyll
the layer of elongated photosynthetic cells arranged in columns under the upper surface of a leaf on a terrestrial plant; part of the mesophyll
36
spongy mesophyll
the layer of loosely packed photosynthetic cells with large air spaces between them under the lower surface of a leaf on a terrestrial plant; part of the mesophyll
37
stoma
a small opening in the epidermis of a plant that allows gas exchange
38
guard cell
one of two kidney-shaped cells that control the opening and closing of a stoma
39
aerenchyma
tissue composed of loosely packed parenchyma cells with large pores; found in aquatic plants
40
meristematic tissue (meristem)
tissue consisting of dividing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) found in areas of the plant where growth can take place
41
vascular bundle
the arrangement of vascular tissue that consists of xylem and phloem
42
Function of stems:
raises and supports leaves and reproductive -connects vascular tissue in the vascular levaes to the vascular tissue in the roots -Raises up for sunlight exposure -Rasing flower and cone for a good place for pollination and production of seeds
43
TRUE OR FLASE: Woody stems do not carry out photosynthesis
TRUE
44
vascular cambium
the meristematic cell layer in vascular tissue
45
bark
the protective outermost layer of the stems and roots of woody plants; consists of phloem, cork cambium, and cork
46
cork cambium
the meristematic layer in a woody plant that produces cork
47
Sapwood
the younger xylem through which water and minerals are transported to the leaves.
48
two types of xylem cells
Trachied and vessell elements
49
tracheid
an elongated, tapered xylem cell with thick cell walls containing small pits; tracheids overlap one another at the ends to form continuous tubes from root to shoot
50
vessel element
a shorter, blunt-ended xylem cell with thick cell walls containing small pits; vessel elements are stacked end to end to form vessel tubes that run from root to shoot
51
perforation plate
the perforated end wall of a vessel element
52
sieve cell
a phloem cell with pores in its cell walls; contains all necessary cell organelles
53
sieve tube element
a phloem cell with pores in its side cell walls and a sieve plate at the end walls; sieve tube elements lack organelles and depend on associated companion cells
54
sieve plate
the perforated end wall of a sieve tube element
55
companion cell
a small, nucleated phloem cell that is always associated with a sieve tube element
56
Three types of phloem cells found in vascular plants
Sieve cells,sieve tub elemetn and sieve plate
57
in gymnosperms usually xylem tissue
tracheids is found
58
in gymnosperms usually pholem tissue
sieve cells
59
in angiosperms usually pholem tissue
sieve tube elements companion cells
60
in angiosperms usually xylem tissue
tracheids vessel elements
61
Humans use stems for..
-food -medication -fuel
62
two basic systems for roots
Taproot system Fibourous root system
63
taproot system
a root system composed of a large, thick root; can have smaller lateral roots
64
lateral root
a smaller root that branches from a larger root
65
root hair
a microscopic extension of the epidermal cells of the root
66
fi brous root system
a root system made up of many small, branching roots
67
root cap
the mass of cells that form a protective covering for the meristem at the root tip
68
root cortex
a region of parenchyma cells under the epidermis of a root
69
endodermis
the innermost layer of cells in the cortex of a root
70
Casparian strip
the wax-like strip that runs through the cell wall of an endodermal cell
71
vascular cylinder
the central portion of a root that contains the xylem and the phloem
72
Transport of water and nutrients into the root happens by two diff erent processes:
water enters the root cells by osmosis, nutrients enter by active transport
73
Transport in roots
-Water molecules therefore enter cells in the plant root by osmosis. -The water molecules move toward the vascular cylinder -use active transport to move nutrients from the soil water into the root cells. -they are moved through the cells of the cortex toward the endodermis -they encounter the Casparian strip and have to pass through endoermal cells -. Once inside the vascular cylinder, nutrients are actively pumped across cell membranes into the xylem.
74
root pressure
the osmotic force pushing xylem sap upward in root vascular tissue
75
capillary action
the tendency of a liquid to rise or fall because of attractive forces between the liquid molecules
76
Transportation into stems:
-Once water molecules and dissolved nutrients have crossed the Casparian strip, the liquid they form is called xylem sap -root pressure and capiliary action help rise xylen sap upwards -xylem sap moves through xylem tubes
77
Transport to leaves
- leaves bring xylem sap to the top of a tree -plant releases water vapour through their stomata during transeriation, this makes water coloum move
78
transpiration
evaporation of water through the stomata of plant leaves
79
source
a plant cell with a high concentration of sugars and other solutes, such as a leaf cell
80
sink
a plant cell with a low concentration of sugars; sugars may be converted to starch for storage or used rapidly for energy or as building blocks of other carbohydrates
81
Sugars are actively transported from..
Sugars are actively transported from source to sink in the phloem.
82
Phloem sap moves along...
the phloem tubes as a result of a pressure difference between source cells and sink cells.
83
Movement of fluid in the xylem is always
upward
84
Movement in the phloem can be
upward or downward
85

GRADE 11 BIOLOGY (43 decks)

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