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Anatomy I > Lectures 46 & 47: Lymphatic Microanatomy > Flashcards

Lectures 46 & 47: Lymphatic Microanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

4 body compartments

A

blood vessel/blood
interstitial space/fluid
intracellular space/cytoplasm
lymphatic vessel/lymph

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2
Q

when is lymph called lymph

A

once interstitial fluid is in lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

lymphatic capillaries : features and function

A

thin walls
begin as networks of blind capillaries
collect interstitial fluid with large molecules, including antigens and cells

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4
Q

lymphatic collecting vessels

A

formed from lymphatic capillaries
contain valves
unite to form major trunks/ducts

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5
Q

lymph nodes function

A

filter lymph

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6
Q

what do collecting lymphatic vessels have to go through before reaching venous system

A

lymph node

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7
Q

afferent lymph vessel: definitin

A

bring lymph into the node

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8
Q

cisterna chyli: function

A

store lymph

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9
Q

thoracic duct: definition/location

A

extension of cisterna chyli into thoracic cavity
runs between azygous vein and aorta

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10
Q

where does hematopoiesis take place

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

2 progenitors from hematopoietic stem cells

A

common myeloid
common lymphoid

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12
Q

common myeloid progenitor cells (5)

A

basophils/mast cells
eosinophils
neutrophils
monocytes –> macrophages

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13
Q

common lymphoid progenitor cells (3)

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
natural killer cells

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14
Q

which cells are part of the innate immune response (6)

A

basophils
eosinophil
neutrophil
macrophages
dendritic cells
**natural killer cells

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15
Q

which cell stems from lymphoid progenitor but has innate immune properties

A

natural killer cells

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16
Q

2 cells that are part of adaptive immune response

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

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17
Q

2 types of antigen presenting cells (categories)

A

antigen presenting (activated)
professional antigen presenting

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18
Q

innate immune response

A

no requirement for previous antigen exposure
non specific
immediate/rapid
1st line of defense
triggered by binding of antigens to receptor

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19
Q

adaptive immune response

A

recognize diverse antigens
delayed response at 1st antigen then response is quicker
lymphocytes

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20
Q

what kind of cells are dendritic cells

A

professional antigen presenting cells

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21
Q

dendritic cells function

A

activate B lymphocytes

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22
Q

2 professional antigen presenting cells

A

dendritic cells
macrophages

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23
Q

what triggers the innate immune reponse

A

antigens bind to receptor

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24
Q

innate immune cells functions (4)

A

phagocytize pathogens
secrete proteins with antimicrobial effect
secrete cytokines to recruit other cells of immune system

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25
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

T
B

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26
Q

2 subtypes of T lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic
helper

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27
Q

cytotoxic t cells are activated by

A

antigens conjugated to MHC I in antigen presenting cells

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28
Q

helper t cells are activated by

A

MHC II in professional antigen presenting cells

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29
Q

T lymphocytes site of generation vs differentiation

A

generated = bone marrow
differentiated = thymus

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30
Q

which cells are involved in cell mediated immune response

A

t lymphocytes

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31
Q

which cells are involved in humoral immune response

A

b lymphocytes

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32
Q

what kind of receptor do T cells have

A

T cell receptor

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33
Q

what kind of receptor do B cells have

A

B cell receptor

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34
Q

what activates B lymphocytes

A

directly by antigens and professional antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages)

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35
Q

unique function of B lymphocytes

A

only nonmyeloid cell that can function as antigen presenting cells to activate T lymphocytes

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36
Q

natural killer cells: function

A

innate immune response
respond to kill cells like cytotoxic t cells

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37
Q

what are natural killer cells activated by

A

by antigen directly
cells covered with antibodies
cells without MHC

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38
Q

what does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

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39
Q

what can act as an antigen presenting cell

A

any type of infected cell

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40
Q

cytotoxic t cells functions

A

destroy infected cells and pathogens (apoptosis or lysis)
secrete proteins that create channels of the cell’s plasma membrane and induce fragmentation of DNA

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41
Q

helper t cells function

A

secrete cytokines that enable/help activation of B lymphocytes and cytotoxic t cells

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42
Q

CD8+ are what kind of t cells

A

cytotoxic t cells

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43
Q

CD4+ are what kind of t cells

A

helper t cells

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44
Q

2 subtypes of B lymphocytes

A

plasma cells
memory b cells

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45
Q

plasma cells

A

secrete antibodies

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46
Q

memory b cells

A

plasma cells that remain in body and respond more quickly during next encounter with antigen

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47
Q

primary lymphoid organs (2)

A

bone marrow
thymus

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48
Q

where do immune cells develop

A

primary lymphoid organs = bone marrow and thymus

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49
Q

where does most of immune response initiated/executed

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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50
Q

secondary lymphoid organs (3)

A

lymph nodes
spleen
lymphoid tissue

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51
Q

Bone marrow functions/process that occurs

A

Hematopoiesis —> produces generic form of lymphocytes from lymphoid lineage
-produce lymphocytes B

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52
Q

Bone marrow: parenchyma (2 cells)

A

Hematopoietic stem cells
Differentiating HSCs —> myeloid and lymphoid progenitors

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53
Q

Bone marrow: stroma (3 cell types)

A

Reticular cells from mesenchymal origin
Reticular fibers (type II collagen)
Adipocytes

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54
Q

Perivascular cells (2)

A

Macrophages and pericytes

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55
Q

What are pericytes

A

Niche cells that form the mesh work of the stroma

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56
Q

What happens to bone marrow with age (what replaces it)

A

Adipocytes replace 50% of bone marrow
Hematopoiesis decreases

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57
Q

Blood sinusoids are the site of

A

Cellular and molecular exchange between circulation and hematopoietic compartment

58
Q

What are sinusoids

A

In bone marrow
Venous capillaries —> where arterial capillaries and venules meet

59
Q

What kind of capillaries are sinusoids

A

Fenestrated

60
Q

Thymus function

A

Site of education and differentiation of T lymphocytes

61
Q

What happens to thymus during puberty

A

Atrophies/gets smaller

62
Q

Thymus: stroma

A

Connective tissue
Contains blood vessels, efferent lymphatic vessels and nerves

63
Q

Trabeculae of thymus

A

Divides parenchyma into incomplete lobes which unite at center

64
Q

3 regions of thymus parenchyma

A

Cortex
Corticomedullary junction
Medulla

65
Q

Epithelioreticular cells: definition

A

Specialized cells within thymus cortex
Have features of both epithelial and reticular cells
Contribute to form a framework

66
Q

Where are epithelioreticular cells found

A

Cortex of thymus

67
Q

Thymus cortex: contents (4)

A

Closely packed developing T lymphocytes
Epithelioreticular cells
Macrophages
Blood thymus barrier

68
Q

Epithelioreticular cells: function

A

Work as stroma —> network
Create micro environment for lymphocyte T education

69
Q

Macrophages in thymus cortex

A

Phagocytize lymphocytes that don’t fulfill thymus education requirements

70
Q

Where is the blood thymus barrier located

A

Cortex of thymus

71
Q

Blood thymus barrier: formed by, functions

A

Formed by wall of blood vessels
Prevent T lymphocytes from contacting antigens
Clean environment for education -> SHIELD

72
Q

5 layers of blood thymus barrier

A

Blood vessel endothelium
Basal lamina
Macrophages
Basal lamina
Epithelial reticular cells

73
Q

Basal lamina of blood thymus barrier is made of what type of cells

A

Epithelial reticular cells

74
Q

What cells are the corticomedullary junction made of

A

Epithelioreticular cells

75
Q

Corticomedullary junction: function

A

Form barrier between cortex and medulla

76
Q

Corticomedullary junction contains

A

Blood vessels - arterioles and venules
High endothelial venule

77
Q

High endothelial venule definition/function/location

A

Specialized post capillary venule
Contains epithelial cells and lymphocytes
Diapedesis and recirculation (of lymphocytes)
Site for entrance and exit of lymphocytes
Found in lymphoid organs except spleen
Inside Corticomedullary junction

78
Q

What cells facilitate the movement of T lymphocytes in high endothelial venule

A

Epithelial cells

79
Q

Type of epithelium in epithelial cells: high endothelial venule

A

Simple cuboidal

80
Q

Thymus medulla: contents

A

Loosely packed MATURE lymphocytes
Extensive mesh work of epithelioreticular cells
Thymic/hassall’s corpuscles

81
Q

Thymic/hassall’s corpuscles: definition/function/location

A

Epithelioreticular cells concentrically arranged with flat nuclei
Involved in thymus differentiation and education of T lymphocytes
In thymus medulla

82
Q

Where does education and final differentiation of lymphocytes T occur

A

Thymus (cortex or medulla)

83
Q

Pre lymphocytes T are selected into ________ by _______

A

Functional T cells
Pass through cortex and medulla

84
Q

2 locations lymphocytes can be selected in

A

Cortex
Medulla

85
Q

Lymphocytes selected in cortex based on

A

Affinity to bind major histocompatibility complex

86
Q

Positive selection: definition/location

A

Cortex of thymus.
Lymphocytes that don’t bind to MHC are induced to die

87
Q

Lymphocytes are selected in medulla based on

A

Affinity to bind tissue specific antigens

88
Q

Negative selection: definition/location/result

A

Medulla of thymus
Lymphocytes that bind with too strong affinity to tissue specific antigens are induced to die
results in Group of lymphocytes that bind to MHC only when they are conjugated to foreign antigens

89
Q

Process of T lymphocyte education and differentiation in thymus (3)

A

Lymphocytes selected in cortex
Lymphocytes selected in medulla
Selected lymphocytes differentiate into T helper or cytotoxic T cells —> leave medulla through high endothelial venules

90
Q

Flow of lymphocytes in thymus: general

A

Pre lymphocyte T travels through capillary —> selected lymphocyte T based on binding to MHC in capillary —> selected lymphocyte T based on binding to tissue specific antigen leaves capillary —> moves through vein (HEV)

91
Q

Lymph nodes definition and function

A

Encapsulated lymphatic organs that are interposed among lymphatic vessels
Filters lymph on its way to blood vascular system

92
Q

3 components of lymph node stroma

A

Capsule
Trabeculae
Reticular tissue

93
Q

Capsule and Trabeculae are made of what kind of tissue: lymph node stroma

A

Dense connective tissue

94
Q

Capsule vs Trabeculae: lymph node stroma

A

Capsule extends as Trabeculae
Trabeculae = forms framework

95
Q

Reticular tissue in lymph node stroma: components and function

A

Reticular cells and reticular fibers
Form supporting mesh work —-> mechanical filter

96
Q

Cells contained within parenchyma of lymph node (4)

A

Lymphocytes T
Lymphocytes B
Dendritic cells
Macrophages

97
Q

What kind of arrangement are T/B lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells in within parenchyma of lymph node

A

Unchallenged

98
Q

Challenged arrangement of lymph node parenchyma (3 layers)

A

Superficial cortex
Deep cortex medulla

99
Q

Primary nodules in superficial cortex of lymph node

A

Aggregates of B lymphocytes (not activated)

100
Q

What cells make up the germinal center of lymph node

A

Plasma cells

101
Q

2 cells within secondary nodules: lymph node

A

B lymphocytes
Plasma cells

102
Q

2 zones/centers within secondary nodules: lymph node

A

Corona/mantle zone
Germinal center

103
Q

What cells are contained within the corona/mantle zone of secondary modules: lymph node

A

B lymphocytes

104
Q

What cells surround nodules to help activate B lymphocytes into plasma cells

A

T helper cells

105
Q

Deep cortex of lymph node: 2 cell types located here

A

Most T lymphocytes
Dendritic cells

106
Q

Parenchyma in lymph node forms

A

Medullary cords

107
Q

Medullary cords: location, contents/cells

A

In medulla of lymph node
Lymphocytes B, macrophages, plasma cells, dendritic cells

108
Q

Medullary cords are separated by

A

Medullary sinuses

109
Q

Flow of lymph and blood into node (5)

A

Lymph enters afferent lymphatic vessel—> subscapular sinus —> trabecular sinus —> medullary sinus -> lymph leaves via efferent lymphatic vessel

110
Q

Sinuses in lymph node: function

A

Allow lymph to percolate freely into superficial and deep cortex so Lymphocytes engage with antigens

111
Q

Flow of lymphocytes into lymph node (9)

A

B and T cells in artery —> enter node at high endothelial venule —> T cells stay in deep cortex —> B cells are pushed to superficial cortex —> APC activates T helper cells —> T helper cells activate B lymphocytes —> plasma cells from in secondary nodule —> plasma cells go to medullary sinus —> plasma cells and other lymphocytes exit in efferent vessel

112
Q

Spleen: main function

A

Filter blood

113
Q

What do Trabeculae and capsule contain: stroma of spleen

A

Myoblasts

114
Q

Myoblasts function: spleen stroma

A

Discharge RBCs into blood

115
Q

2 regions of spleen parenchyma

A

White pulp
Red pulp

116
Q

White pulp (general): spleen

A

Parenchyma
Lymphoid nodules randomly scattered
Secondary lymphoid organ

117
Q

Red pulp (general): spleen

A

Parenchyma
Embeds white pulp and contains splenic sinuses

118
Q

Periarterial lymphatic sheath: definition/components/location

A

White pulp of spleen
Aggregates of T helper lymphocytes around central artery

119
Q

What forms the central artery: white pulp of spleen

A

Trabecular arteries branched into white pulp

120
Q

what are lymphatic nodules in white pulp

A

localized expansion of periarterial sheath
lymphocytes B surrounded by lymphocytes T

121
Q

3 stages of lymphatic nodule formation (General): spleen

A

resting white pulp
primary nodule
secondary nodule

122
Q

resting white pulp: lymphatic nodule formation

A

antigen presenting cells (macrophages) activate T helper lymphocytes in periarterial sheath

123
Q

primary nodule: lymphatic nodule formation

A

T helper lymphocytes activate lymphocytes B
B cells expand and push periarterial sheath to the side

124
Q

secondary nodule: lymphatic nodule formation

A

lymphocytes B proliferate to form plasma and memory cells –> go into blood

125
Q

2 regions of red pulp: spleen

A

splenic cords
splenic sinuses

126
Q

cells that reside in splenic cords (4)

A

erythrocytes macrophages
dendritic cells
plasma cells
megarkaryocytes

127
Q

splenic sinuses: definition/function

A

spaces lined by endothelial cells
macrophages extend between endothelial cells to monitor antigens in blood

128
Q

blood supply to spleen (main)

A

splenic artery

129
Q

what kind of circulation type do dogs have

A

closed

130
Q

closed circulation

A

only filtering occurs in sinuses (no filtration in splenic cords)

131
Q

splenic circulation within red pulp

A

splenic artery –> trabecular arteries –> central arterioles –> dump blood into splenic sinuses

132
Q

venous drainage from red pulp

A

trabecular veins –> splenic vein

133
Q

different types of lymphoid tissue: function

A

intercept antigens and initiate immune response

134
Q

2 examples/types of mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

A

GALT
bronchus associated lymphatic tissue

135
Q

characteristics of lymphoid tissue: structures lacking, composition, function

A

no cortex or medulla
made of randomly packed lymphocytes
after contact with antigen: travel to regional lymph nodes for proliferation/differentiation

136
Q

progency of proliferated/differentiated lymphocytes in MALT return to where

A

lamina propria as effector T cells and B eclls

137
Q

lymphatic nodules aka

A

lymphatic follicles

138
Q

2 regions within lymphatic nodules/follicles

A

germinal center
mantle zone/corona

139
Q

cells within germinal center: lymphatic nodule

A

dendritic cells
B cells

140
Q

what is the mantle zone of lymphatic nodule

A

outer ring of lymphocytes

141
Q

which region of lymphatic nodule indicates response to antigen

A

germinal center

142
Q

3 examples of lymphatic nodules

A

peyers patches in ileum
tonsils
vermiform appendix

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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