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Anatomy I > Lectures 13, 14 and 15: Embryology > Flashcards

Lectures 13, 14 and 15: Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

gastrulation definition/transformation

A

-formation of 3 germ layers
-go from bilaminar disk containing epiblast and hypoblast into trilaminar disc of 3 germ layers

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2
Q

corona radiata composed of

A

-zona pellucida
-layers of follicular cells

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3
Q

what is the zona pellucida

A

glycoprotein coat

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4
Q

acrosome cap definition and function

A

-specialized lysosome
-prevents sperm from getting to egg

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5
Q

capacitation process

A

-period between ejaculation and when the sperm is traveling to the egg
-get degradation of the acrosome cap so that sperm can fertilize egg

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6
Q

location and timing of ejaculation and capacitation is _________ specific

A

species

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7
Q

where does ejaculation and capacitation occur in dogs

A

uterus

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8
Q

where does ejaculation and capacitation occur in cats

A

vagina

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9
Q

purpose of cilia in oviduct

A

help fertilized egg

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10
Q

what makes oocyte impenetrable to other sperm

A

zona reaction

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11
Q

what causes the zona reaction

A

sperm in oocyte without its plasma membrane

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12
Q

how does sperm penetrate oocyte (process)

A

-as acrosome wall perforates, sperm moves through follicular cells
-sperm moves through corona radiata zona pellucida
-zona reaction

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13
Q

oocyte definition

A

-female gamete cell produced by ovaries

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14
Q

fertilized oocyte becomes

A

zygote

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15
Q

what is the female pronucleus

A

-oocyte after completing second meiotic division but before fertilization

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16
Q

male pronucleus

A

forms from enlarged sperm nucleus

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17
Q

what structure is absent/disappears in female pronucleus

A

corona radiata

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18
Q

how is diploid zygote formed from male and female pronucleus

A

-pronucleus membranes breakdown and fuse

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19
Q

blastomere definition

A

new embryonic cell produced by mitosis/cleavage

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20
Q

blastomeres get (bigger or smaller) with each cell division?

A

smaller

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21
Q

morula definition

A

superficial layer surrounding central core of compacted cells (i.e. blastomeres)

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22
Q

what structure surrounds the cluster of blastomeres following mitosis

A

morula

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23
Q

when are blastomeres no longer totipotent

A

when compaction occurs –> inner and outer cell masses created

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24
Q

what are the 2 layers of cell masses called in compacted blastomere

A

trophoblast = external layer
embryoblast = inner layer

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25
Q

what does trophoblast ultimately become

A

placenta

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26
Q

what does embryoblast become

A

fetus/conceptus

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27
Q

what is the first cavity created

A

blastocystic cavity

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28
Q

how is the blastocystic cavity created

A

secretions from blastomeres

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29
Q

structural function/location of zona pellucida

A

surround trophoblasts

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30
Q

2 poles of ovum/blastocyst

A

-animal pole
-vegetal pole

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31
Q

animal pole is located near what cell mass

A

embryoblast (inner cell mass)

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32
Q

vegetal pole is located where

A

away from embryoblast, closer to blastocystic cavity

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33
Q

function of trophoblast

A

protect embryoblast

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34
Q

what is rauber’s layer

A

layer of cells directly above embryoblast

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35
Q

what happens to rauber’s layer

A

disintegrates

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36
Q

early vs late embryoblast

A

late = hatching occurs out of zona pellucida

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37
Q

where does blastocyst emerge from (what is hatching?)

A

zona pellucida

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38
Q

when and why does hypoblast emerge

A

-as rauber’s layer disintegrates
-enclose blastocystic cavity

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39
Q

when does blastocystic cavity become exocoelemic cavity

A

when hypoblast emigrates to enclose blastocystic cavity (forms at ventral surface of embryoblast)
-see staggered clumps of hypoblast starting to surround cavity

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40
Q

at what stage is cavity named blastocystic cavity

A

at stage with trophoblast and embryoblast

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41
Q

how does name of blastocystic cavity change

A

blastocystic –> exocoelemic –> primitive yolk sac –> definitive yolk sac

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42
Q

when does exocoelemic cavity become primitive yolk sac

A

when hypoblast extends to surround exocoelemic cavity (see full enclosed layer of hypoblast around cavity)

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43
Q

what replaces rauber’s layer

A

tight junctions of epiblast

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44
Q

what 2 structures form the bilaminar embryonic disc

A

epiblast and adjacent hypoblast

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45
Q

location of ejaculation in cattle

A

vagina

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46
Q

location of ejaculation in horses

A

uterus

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47
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

oviduct

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48
Q

effect of zona reaction

A

hardens corona radiata so other sperm can’t enter

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49
Q

where is implantation in all domestic animals occur (relatively)

A

-centric/superficial
-conceptus fills up uterine lumen

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50
Q

pronucleus stage for female (4 things)

A

-2nd meiotic division complete
-corona radiata disappears
-zona pellucida remains and hardens
-have 2 polar bodies

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51
Q

pronucleus stage males (2)

A

-from enlarged sperm nucleus
-head and tail degenerate

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52
Q

steps from mature oocyte to blastocyst formation

A

-oocyte –>pronucleus –> zygote –> cleavage/mitosis –> marula formation –> blastocyst formation

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53
Q

when does extraembryonic mesoderm start forming

A

after conceptus implantation into uterine lumen

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54
Q

where will extraembryonic mesoderm be formed

A

between trophoblast and hypoblast layers

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55
Q

what will form the chorion

A

trophoblast

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56
Q

what cells form the amniotic membrane

A

epiblast

57
Q

what forms after extraembryonic mesoderm

A

prechordal plate

58
Q

how prechordal plate is formed

A

-some hypoblast cells become columnar and form thickened circular area = prechordal plate

59
Q

what will prechordal plate become

A

mouth

60
Q

what structure does gastrulation begin with

A

primitive streak

61
Q

structures inside primitive streak (3)

A

-primitive groove in primitive streak
-primitive node at top of primitive streak
-primitive pit at top of primitive groove

62
Q

where do all 3 germ layers originate from

A

epiblast

63
Q

if nothing changes to cells (i.e. don’t migrate), what germ layer is formed

A

ectoderm

64
Q

if cells do not become ectoderm, where do they go

A

migrate through primitive groove in primitive streak

65
Q

mesenchymal cells =

A

migrating cells

66
Q

endoderm will replace what cells

A

hypoblast

67
Q

ectoderm becomes (main)

A

-epidermis

68
Q

what does mesoderm form (important structure)

A

notochord

69
Q

what happens first: gastrulation or notochord formation

A

gastrulation

70
Q

function of notochord (4)

A

-defines axis of embryo
-provides rigidity
-future site of vertebral bodies (axial skeleton)
-primary inducer of future structures

71
Q

how is notochord formed

A

-prenotochordal cells invaginate into primitive pit and move cranially toward the midline until they reach the prechordal plate to form notochordal process

72
Q

when does neurulation occur

A

at same time as gastrulation

73
Q

neurulation definition

A

process of forming neural tube which will form brain and spinal cord

74
Q

steps of neurulation (3)

A

-ectoderm thickens
-neural place invaginates to form neural groove with neural folds on either side
-neural folds form neural tube

75
Q

ancephaly

A

-abnormal neurulation
-no/partial brain
-rostral pore doesn’t develop properly

76
Q

spina bifida

A

-abnormal neurulation
-caudal pore doesn’t develop properly

77
Q

where does neural crest form

A

between neural tube and ectoderm/epidermis

78
Q

differentiation of mesoderm occurs when

A

same time as neurulation

79
Q

endoderm goes on to form

A

gut tube/lining of GI

80
Q

before differentiation, mesoderm was called

A

intraembryonic mesoderm

81
Q

3 parts of mesoderm

A

-paraxial
-intermediate
-lateral plate

82
Q

paraxial mesoderm

A

-located near neural tube
-forms somites

83
Q

3 somites (mesoderm)

A

-dermatome
-myotome
-sclerotome

84
Q

dermatome

A

somite
-forms dermis of skin over dorsal regions

85
Q

myotome

A

somite
-voluntary muscles

86
Q

scleratome

A

somite
-vertebrae, axial skeleton

87
Q

intermediate mesoderm

A

forms gonads and portions of urogenital system

88
Q

2 layers of lateral plate mesoderm

A

somatic and visceral

89
Q

somatic lateral plate mesoderm

A

body wall structures

90
Q

visceral lateral plate mesoderm

A

smooth muscle of gut

91
Q

orientation of somites in mesoderm

A

outer = dermatome
middle = myotome
inner/medial = scleratome

92
Q

body folding is important for formation of what structure

A

gut tube

93
Q

2 major folds that transform flat embryonic disc into 3D

A

-meidan plane
-horizontal place

94
Q

median plane body folding

A

-head and tail folds
-forms allantois

95
Q

what does allantois become

A

membrane that cradles developing fetus

96
Q

allantois is a derivative of what (hint: gut)

A

hindgut

97
Q

body folding in horizontal plane

A

-right and left lateral folds
-allantois obliterates extraembryonic coelem
-yolk sac separates from body

98
Q

2 parts of placenta

A

-fetal part
-maternal part

99
Q

fetal part of placenta derived from

A

chorionic sac = trophoblast

100
Q

maternal part of placenta derived from

A

endometrium

101
Q

what separates fetus from endometrium

A

fetal part of placenta and fetal membranes

102
Q

formation of choriovitelline membrane (first placenta)

A

fusion between yolk sac (vitelline sac) and chorion

103
Q

definitive yolk sac is continuous with what structure

A

midgut

104
Q

how are blood vessels developed from extraembryonic mesoderm

A

blood vessels grow through yolk sac –> penetrate body of embryo –> grow into allantois –> vascularize chorion

105
Q

what happens as choriovitelline membrane recedes

A

chorioallantoic membrane increases

106
Q

chorioallantoic membrane

A

membranes that have fused between allantois and chorion

107
Q

placenta type is defined by

A

number of tissue layers between mother and fetus

108
Q

placental type in horses

A

epithliochorial

109
Q

placental type in cattle

A

synepitheliochorial

110
Q

placenta type in dogs and cats

A

endotheliochorial

111
Q

simplest placenta type

A

horses = epitheliochorial

112
Q

most complex placenta type

A

dogs and cats = endotheliochorial

113
Q

epitheliochorial placenta type

A

-horses
-endometrial epithelium remains in tact and is apposed to chorionic epithelium
-fetus and maternal parts are pretty separated (least invasive)

114
Q

2 specializations of horse placentation

A

-chorionic girdle
-endometrial cups

115
Q

chorionic girdle (horses) function

A

-destroy uterine cells

116
Q

endometrial cups location (horses)

A

interdigitate in chorionic girdle

117
Q

equine microcotyledons

A

fetal and maternal microvillous interdigitate (one big digitation)

118
Q

precocial infant

A

ready to live after birth (horses)

119
Q

cattle synepitheliochorial type

A

-attenuated layer of combined maternal and fetal epithelium
-union of fetal and maternal cells
-some connection between mother and fetus (but blood supply still separated)

120
Q

union of fetal and maternal cells = what kind of epithelium

A

cryptal

121
Q

cotyledonary placentation in cattle

A

placentome = caruncle and cotyledon
caruncle = maternal, stuck to cotyledon on fetus side
cotyledons fit into maternal crypts in caruncles

122
Q

endotheliochorial placenta dogs and cats

A

-uterine epithelium and connective tissue are removed and chorionic epithelium comes in direct contact with endometrial capillaries (still have separated blood supply)

123
Q

zonary placentation in dogs and cats

A

no connections on sides because of multiple fetuses

124
Q

altricial infants

A

need care very early in development (dogs and cats)

125
Q

2 types of twinning in calves

A

-monozygotic
-diazygotic

126
Q

monozygotic =

A

one ovum

127
Q

dizygotic =

A

2 ova

128
Q

65% of monozygotic twinning begins at what stage of embryonic development

A

blastocyst

129
Q

how monozygotic twins are formed 65% of the time

A

2 embryoblasts –> 2 amniotic sacs + 1 trophoblast (1 placenta + 1 chorionic sac) –> 2 amnions with single placenta

130
Q

how monozygotic twins are formed 35% of the time

A

2 morulas –> 2 blastocysts –> 2 amnions, 2 placentas and 2 chorions

131
Q

when does separation occur in monozygotic twins (35% of the time way)

A

before formation of blastocystic cavity

132
Q

other way monozygotic twins originate

A

division of embryonic disc in week 2

133
Q

how monozygotic twins originate from embryonic disc

A

fused embryos –> embryonic disc divides = 2 individuals in 1 amniotic sac –> parasitic twins, conjoined twins or separate twins

134
Q

What kind of placentation do horses use

A

Diffuse

135
Q

Diffuse placentation

A

-placenta with villi scattered around surface of chorion (entire surface of chorioallantoic membrane is involved in formation of placenta)

136
Q

Function of microcotyledons in horse (diffuse) placentation

A

Fundamental unit of fetal-maternal interface
-consist of chorionic villi that invaginate into endometrium

137
Q

what fluid is deep allantoicamniotic membrane

A

amniotic fluid

138
Q

what fluid is deep to chorioallantoic membrane and superficial to allantoicamniotic membrane

A

allantoic fluid

139
Q

what membrane attaches to the uterine lumen

A

chorioallantoic membrane

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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