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Anatomy I > Lecture 26: Peripheral Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 26: Peripheral Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is circulating blood

A

Not in bone marrow or other sites of hematopoiesis

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2
Q

5 functions of peripheral blood

A

-transport
-coagulation
-thermoregulation
-acid base balance
-osmotic balance

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3
Q

What kind of tissue is peripheral blood

A

Specialized connective tissue

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4
Q

2 components of peripheral blood

A

Cells
Plasma

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5
Q

Formed elements

A

Cells in peripheral blood

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6
Q

Extracellular matrix in peripheral blood

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What is serum (hematocrit)

A

Plasma without coagulation factors

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8
Q

Erythrocytes function

A

Gas transport

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9
Q

Platelets function

A

Coagulation

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10
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many rbcs

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11
Q

Anemia

A

Not enough rbcs

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12
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Wbcs appear like they’re exploding (leukemia)

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13
Q

What is the most numerous cell type

A

Erythrocytes

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14
Q

What percent of total blood volume is occupied by erythrocytes

A

40-45%

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15
Q

How are erythrocytes removed from bloodstream at the end of their lives

A

Macrophages in spleen, liver and bone marrow

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16
Q

Erythrocytes: shape

A

Biconcave disk

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17
Q

Importance of erythrocyte shape

A

Maximize cell surface are and maneuverability through small blood vessels
Can squeeze into vessels (due to indentation in pale center)

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18
Q

What color is the center of erythrocytes

A

Pale

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19
Q

What structures do erythrocytes lack (compared to other normal cells)

A

Nucleus
Organelles

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20
Q

Erythropoiesis: duration, location, stimulated by

A

-7 days
-in bone marrow
-stimulated by erythropoietin/hypoxia

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21
Q

What 3 elements are essential for hemoglobin production

A

Iron
Folic acid
Vitamin B12

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22
Q

5 Characteristics of erythropoiesis (summary of events)

A

-decreasing volume
-condensing/ejection of nucleus
-free ribosomes decrease
-hemoglobin increases
-shift from basophilic to acidophilic

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23
Q

Immature erythrocytes are called

A

Reticulocytes

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24
Q

Injury that causes blood loss: what happens to erythrocytes

A

Reticulocytes go into circulation prematurely

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25
Q

Location of leukocyte transport vs function

A

Transport = peripheral blood
Function = connective tissue

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26
Q

4 steps of leukocyte transport to injury

A

-release of cytokines
-wbcs migrate
-adhesion to endothelium (epithelial cells) of postcapillary venule
-diapedesis (aided by histamine and heparin)
-amoeboid movement through connective tissue

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27
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of wbc’s through capillary walls (walls create small opening for cells to go through)

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28
Q

2 general types of leukocytes

A

-granulocytes
-agranulocytosis

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29
Q

Granulocytes: 3 types, nuclei shape

A

-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
-lobulated nuclei

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30
Q

Agranuloctyes: 2 types, nuclei shape

A
  • lympocytes, monocytes
    -round nuclei
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31
Q

Granulocytes vs agranuloctyes: main difference

A

Agranulocytes = no specific granules
Granulocytes = specific granules

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32
Q

2 types of granules in granulocytes

A

-primary
-secondary

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33
Q

Primary granules

A

Lysosomes

34
Q

Secondary granules

A

Enzymes with specific function

35
Q

Which granulocyte is most numerous wbc

A

Neutrophil

36
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria

37
Q

Neutrophil appearance: histology

A

-granules are pale pink/lavender
-multi lobed dark nucleus (2-5 lobes)

38
Q

What are azurophilic granules

A

Lysosomes

39
Q

Specific granules vs primary granules

A

Specific more oblong than lysosomes

40
Q

Which cell type if a major component of pus

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

Function of cytokine release

A

Recruit more leukocytes
Promote inflammation and fever

42
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

PARASITE destruction
Phagocytosis antigen-antibody complexes
Modulate inflammatory response

43
Q

Eosinophils: nucleus

A

2 lobes

44
Q

Eosinophils: specific granules

A

Contain major basic protein that is antiparasitic
Looks like a cat’s eye at TEM

45
Q

Function of basophils

A

Initiate inflammatory response and hypersensitivity reactions

46
Q

Basophils: nucleus

A

S shaped
Obscured by granules

47
Q

Basophils: cytoplasm color

A

Purple = basophilic

48
Q

Basophils: specific granules

A

Heparin, histamine
Dark appearance

49
Q

Basophils have a similar function/structure as what cells

A

Mast cells

50
Q

Agranuloctyes: nucleus

A

Round (not lobed)

51
Q

Are granulocytes or agranulocytes long lived

A

Agranuloctyes

52
Q

Lymphocytes: cytoplasm appearance

A

Light blue
Thin rim around nucleus
Small relative to nucleus

53
Q

What is the only wbc/agranulocyte to return to blood after being in connective tissue or lymphatic organ

A

Lymphocytes

54
Q

Lymphocytes have an abundance of what organelle

A

Free ribosomes

55
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

T cells
B cells
Natural killer (NK) cells

56
Q

B cells: function

A

Antibody mediated immunity

57
Q

B cells differentiate into

A

Plasma cells

58
Q

T cells function

A

Participate in cell mediated immunity
Act against foreign cells, virus infected
**antigen

59
Q

Natural killer cells: function

A

Innate immune response

60
Q

What kind of circulation system is peripheral blood

A

Closed

61
Q

Why do we call rbcs formed elements

A

Not really cells because no organelles or nuclei

62
Q

Hematocrit

A

-after centrifugation
55% plasma (top layer)
40-45% rbcs (bottom layer)
1% Buffy coat (wbcs and platelets) in middle layer

63
Q

Peripheral blood smear: stain

A

Eosin and methylene blue

64
Q

Erythropoiesis: process

A

Erythroblast (with nucleus) -> nucleus ejected —> Reticulocyte —> condensed down more into mature erythrocyte

65
Q

Where does diapedesis occur

A

Postcapillary venules/beds

66
Q

How are wbcs removed

A

Commit apoptosis
Cleaned up by macrophages

67
Q

How are agranulocytes similar to all other leukocytes

A

-travel in peripheral blood
Diapedesis
Host defense
Have primary granules

68
Q

Agranulocytes vs granulocytes

A

-no specific granules
-long lived
Round nuclei

69
Q

Largest agranulocyte

A

Monocytes

70
Q

Monocytes: functions

A

Become macrophages (clean up after injury)
Assist with antigen presentation

71
Q

Monocytes: nucleus

A

Kidney bean shaped

72
Q

Platelets aka

A

Thrombocytes

73
Q

Function of platelets

A

Limit hemorrhage

74
Q

Neutrophils are specific to

A

Bacteria

75
Q

Platelets: nucleus

A

None

76
Q

Platelets: staining

A

Dark

77
Q

Platelets originate from what cells and where

A

Megakaryocytes
Bone marrow

78
Q

Demarcation channels

A

Invaginations of plasma membrane that partition cytoplasmic fragments into proplatelets that break off to form platelets

79
Q

Where are demarcation channels found

A

In platelets

80
Q

3 steps of platelet function

A

Activation - find injury
Adhesion to injury
Aggregation - adhere to each other

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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