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Anatomy I > Lectures 2-3: Cytology I And II > Flashcards

Lectures 2-3: Cytology I And II Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology definition

A

Study of the cell

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2
Q

Cytoplasm historically known as

A

Protoplasm

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3
Q

Function of plasma membrane

A

Surround nuclear envelope and cytoplasm

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4
Q

Nuclear envelope contains

A

DNA

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5
Q

Cytoplasm contains (3)

A

-cytosol
-suspended organelles
-cytoskeleton

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6
Q

What is cytosol

A

Matrix of H20 and solutes contained in cytoplasm

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7
Q

Unit membrane definition

A

Selective barrier around some cells and organelles

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8
Q

What is the difference between a plasma membrane and a unit membrane

A

No difference

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9
Q

Components of phospholipid

A

-hydrophobic tails
-hydrophilic heads

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10
Q

2 faces of plasma membrane

A

-E face
-P face

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11
Q

Orientation of phospholipids in bilayer

A

-hydrophilic heads face towards ECF/cytoplasm, hydrophobic tails face inwards on each other
-E face: faces ECF
-P face: faces cytoplasm

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12
Q

Other components found in plasma membrane (2)

A

-peripheral and integral proteins
-glycocalyx

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13
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Sugar coat on E face

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14
Q

2 main types of cellular transport

A

-passive
-active

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15
Q

Passive transport definition

A

No energy required

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16
Q

Diffusion

A

-gradient dependent
-passive

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17
Q

Membrane transport

A

-requires membrane transport proteins
-may be active or passive

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18
Q

Vesicular transport definition

A

Transportation of material into or out of cell by membrane bound vesicles

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19
Q

Is vesicular transport active or passive

A

Active because need to make membrane

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20
Q

2 types of vesicular transport

A

-endocytosis
-exocytosis

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21
Q

Endocytosis aka

A

Absorption

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22
Q

Exocytosis aka

A

Secretion

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23
Q

Exocytosis process: general (3)

A

-material packaged into secretory vesicles by Golgi apparatus
-transported to plasma membrane
-fuse with plasma membrane and released into ECF

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24
Q

2 types of exocytosis

A

-regulated
-constitutive

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25
Q

Regulated exocytosis process (4)

A

-vesicles congregate near plasma membrane
-secretory granules, vesicles waiting for signal will concentrate product
-secretions condense
-signaled release into ECF

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26
Q

Example of cells that use regulated exocytosis

A

-goblet cell
-cells that secrete mucous

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27
Q

Constitutive exocytosis

A

-continuous secretion into ECF (immediate)
-no accumulation of vesicles
-no signaling

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28
Q

Examples of cells that use constitutive exocytosis

A

-fibroblasts
-plasma cells

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29
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

-pinocytosis
-phagocytosis
-receptor mediated endocytosis

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30
Q

Endocytosis process (2)

A

-plasma membrane in folds to form vesicle containing inbound material
-vesicles fuse with lysosomes

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31
Q

pinocytosis aka

A

cellular drinking

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32
Q

main function of pinocytosis

A

-membrane trafficking: recycling plasma membrane to maintain size of cell

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33
Q

what is taken up during pinocytosis

A

water, small dissolved solutes

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34
Q

pinocytotic vesicles aka

A

caveolae

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35
Q

phagocytosis aka

A

cellular eating

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36
Q

phagocytosis definition/what is consumed

A

engulfing large particles, cell debris, bacteria

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37
Q

what is a unique feature of phagocytosis (what do they use to consume things)

A

pseudopodia

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38
Q

phagocytosis process (4)

A

-pseudopodia extend/surround material
-phagosomes (vesicles) are formed
-phagosomes fuse with lysosomes
-lysosomes process/degrade/recycle material

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39
Q

example of a phagocytic cell

A

macrophage

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40
Q

characteristics of phagocytic cell (2)

A

-pseudopodia
-phagosomes, lysosomes, phagolysosomes

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41
Q

main function of phagocytosis

A

host defense and cleanup after injury

42
Q

membrane trafficking during endocytosis vs exocytosis

A

-endocytosis: portions of cell membrane become endocytotic vesicles
-exocytosis: cell membrane returned to cell surface

43
Q

organelle definition

A

intracellular structure that performs specific cellular function

44
Q

how many organelles are found in animal cell

A

7

45
Q

what are the 7 organelles found in animal cell

A

-nucleus
-ribosomes
-rough ER
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-mitochondria
-smooth ER

46
Q

4 components of nucleus

A

-nuclear envelope/plasma membrane
-nuclear pores
-chromatin/DNA
-nucleolus

47
Q

function of nuclear pores

A

let DNA/RNA out of cell

48
Q

function of nucleolus

A

assemble rRNA/ribosomes

49
Q

chromatin definition

A

strands of DNA

50
Q

2 types of chromatin

A

-euchromatin
-heterochromatin

51
Q

euchromatin

A

-uncoiled DNA because busy with active transcription
-more electron lucent so appears pale

52
Q

heterochromatin

A

-coiled DNA because inactive (so DNA is condensed)
-more electron dense so appears dark

53
Q

a large, open/vesicular nucleus with more euchromatin is indicative of a more _______ cell

A

active

54
Q

ribosomes main function

A

make proteins

55
Q

2 types of ribosomes

A

-free ribosomes (polyribosomes)
-ER bound ribosomes

56
Q

free ribosomes (polyribosomes) create what kind of proteins

A

cytoplasmic –> stay in cytoplasm

57
Q

ER bound ribosomes create what kind of proteins/enzymes

A

membrane and secretory proteins, lysosomal enzymes

58
Q

ER bound ribosomes must be attached to __________ in order to leave the cell

A

golgi apparatus

59
Q

rough ER definition

A

interconnected, flattened membranous sacs for protein synthesis

60
Q

outer surface of rough ER contains:

A

ER bound ribosomes

61
Q

inner lumen of rough ER contains

A

cisterna

62
Q

cisterna: function

A

where proteins are synthesized

63
Q

a cell containing a lot of rough ER most likely functions in ___________

A

secretion

64
Q

golgi apparatus definition/function

A

interconnected, flattened sacs where proteins from rough ER are processed, sorted, packaged within cisterna

65
Q

rough ER vs smooth ER

A

smooth ER does not have ribosomes

66
Q

rough ER to golgi apparatus: 3 destinations

A

-unit membranes
-secretion (secretory vesicles)
-lysosomes

67
Q

lysosomes structure

A

-spherical
-membrane enclosed

68
Q

lysosome digestive compartments

A

enzymes (acid hydrolases) that process/degrade lysosomal contents

69
Q

why do lysosomes have varied electron densities

A

because concentration of digestive compartments vary according to specific function

70
Q

what do lysosomes fuse with (3)

A

-autophagosomes
-endocytotic vesicles
-phagosomes in specialized cells

71
Q

mitochondria function

A

ATP synthesis

72
Q

mitochondria shape

A

rod shaped

73
Q

how many membranes do mitochondria have

A

2

74
Q

mitochondria: 2 unit membranes structure

A

-outer is smooth
-inner is folded and forms cristae

75
Q

what indicates the energy requirements of the cell

A

number of mitochondria

76
Q

what are cristae

A

-folds of inner membrane of mitochondria that provide greater surface area
-extend into matrix

77
Q

most common place where vesicular mitochondria are found

A

steroid hormone producing cells

78
Q

smooth ER structure

A

interconnected membrane enclosed tubules (not sacs)

79
Q

smooth ER is abundant in what kind of cells (2)

A

-cells that detoxify (liver)
-cells that secrete steroid hormones

80
Q

is smooth ER present in all cells

A

yes

81
Q

main functions of smooth ER (3)

A

-autophagy
-synthesize lipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides
-metabolism

82
Q

3 cytoskeletal elements found in animal cells

A

-actin
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

83
Q

3 functions of cytoskeleton

A

-cell morphology/shape
-cell mobility
-interact with extracellular matrix

84
Q

actin are what kind of filaments

A

thin

85
Q

which filament has the smallest diameter

A

actin

86
Q

functions of actin (4)

A

-anchor cells to each other and extracellular matrix
-form structural core of microvilli, stereocilia
-movement (contraction, extending)

87
Q

functions of intermediate filaments (2)

A

-cell to cell adhesion
-cell to extracellular matrix adhesion

88
Q

features of intermediate filaments (2)

A

-high tensile strength
-constructed of different substances in different cells

89
Q

what is the largest cytoskeletal component

A

microtubules

90
Q

functions of microtubules (3)

A

-provide rigidity to cell shape
-aid intercellular transport
-movement of cell, cilia, flagella

91
Q

how do we differentiate actin from microtubules

A

-microtubules have a lumen

92
Q

microtubules are a structural component of: (3)

A

-centrioles
-basal bodies
-cilia

93
Q

inclusions: definition

A

substances in cytoplasm not dissolved and not membrane bound

94
Q

examples of inclusions

A

-glycogen
-pigment
-lipids

95
Q

2 functional faces of golgi apparatus

A

-cis face
-trans face

96
Q

where does cis face of golgi face

A

rough ER

97
Q

where does trans face of golgi complex face

A

plasma membrane

98
Q

2 ways cristae extend into matrix

A

-as broad flattened folds of inner membrane
-as tubular folds of flattened membrane

99
Q

in vesicular mitochondria, how do cristae extend into matrix (shape)

A

tubular folds

100
Q

rough ER vs smooth ER shape

A

-rough ER is membranous sacs
-smooth ER is membrane enclosed tubules

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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