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Anatomy I > Lecture 24: Thorax III, Microanatomy and development > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Thorax III, Microanatomy and development Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of trachea

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-cartilaginous layer
-adventitia

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2
Q

trachea mucosa: features

A

-ciliated
-pseudostratified epithelium
-elastic, fiber rich lamina propria

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3
Q

trachea submucosa: features

A

-denser connective tissue than lamina propria

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4
Q

trachea cartilaginous layer

A

C shaped hyaline cartilage

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5
Q

trachea adventitia

A

connective tissue that binds the trachea to adjacent structures

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6
Q

location of lamina propria

A

between basement membrane and submucosa

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7
Q

3 main types of cells in epithelium: trachea

A

-goblet
-ciliated
-basal

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8
Q

goblet cells in trachea

A

-produce mucous coat
-contain mucinogen granules

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9
Q

ciliated cells in trachea

A

-coordinated swiping motion of mucous coat from farthest passage to larynx

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10
Q

basal cells in trachea

A

stem cells that differentiate to replace goblet cells and ciliated cells

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11
Q

which cell type is the most numerous in the trachea

A

ciliated cells

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12
Q

basement membrane: trachea

A

-thick
-densely packed collagen fibers

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13
Q

lamina propria: 3 features

A

-loose connective tissue
-very cellular/vascular
-primary immune response

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14
Q

submucosa: trachea

A

-loose connective tissue (similar appearance to lamina propria)
-diffuse lymphatic tissue and lympathic nodules that extend from lamina propria
-contains large distributing vessels
-contains submucosal glands composed of mucous secreting acinus

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15
Q

trachea cartilages: definition, function

A

–made of C shaped cartilages
-provide flexibility to tracheal pipe and maintain patency of lumen

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16
Q

organization of cartilage: trachea

A

-cartilage surrounded by bone tissue and fibroelastic membrane (tracheal muscle)

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17
Q

2 main divisions of trachea

A

left primary/main bronchus
right primary/main bronchus

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18
Q

main/primary bronchi divide into __________ and when?

A

-lobar/secondary bronchi
-once entering the hilum

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19
Q

lobar/secondary bronchi divide into ______

A

segmental/tertiary bronchi

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20
Q

bronchopulmonary segment

A

segmental/tertiary bronchus + supplied parenchyma

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21
Q

which bronchus is similar to the trachea in appearance

A

primary

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22
Q

structure/organization of secondary and tertiary bronchi: 5 layers (superficial to deep)

A

-epithelium (goblet, ciliated, basal cells)
-lamina propria
-smooth muscle
-submucosa
-cartilage

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23
Q

function of smooth muscle in secondary/tertiary bronchi

A

contract airways

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24
Q

what kind of cells are found within cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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25
Q

alveolar sacs vs alveoli

A

sacs are group of alveoli

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26
Q

organization/branching of bronchioles: from trachea to alveoli

A

trachea –> main/primary bronchus –> lobar/secondary bronchus –> segmental/tertiary bronchus –> terminal bronchiole –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar duct –> alveolar sacs –> alveoli

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27
Q

how does epithelium transform within bronchiole (think: cross section of bronchiole)

A

simple columnar to cuboidal with clara cells

28
Q

function of clara cells in bronchiole

A

secrete lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion

29
Q

are cartilage plates absent or present in bronchiole

A

absent

30
Q

what is the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree (what 4 structures)

A

-terminal bronchioles
-respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveolar sacs

31
Q

terminal bronchioles: location, function

A

-most distal of conducting portion
-do not engage in gas exchange

32
Q

respiratory bronchioles: location, function

A

-beginning of respiratory portion of bronchial tree
-engage in gas exchange

33
Q

alveolar ducts: location, features

A

-surround duct space
-elongated airways with no walls

34
Q

alveolar sacs: definition/location

A

spaces that are at the termination of alveolar ducts

35
Q

alveoli function

A

increase surface area for gas exchange

36
Q

what kind of epithelium is respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified

37
Q

2 types of cells that line alveoli surface

A

-pneumocytes I
pneumocytes II

38
Q

pneumocytes I: features, function

A

-simple squamous
-extremely thin, compressed nucleus
-line most of alveoli surface (95%)
-form effective barrier between air space and septal wall

39
Q

pneumocytes II: features, function

A

-cuboidal cells, rounded nucleus
-line 5% of alveoli surface
-interspersed among pneumocytes I
-secrete surfactant

40
Q

surfactant

A

-phospholipids and hydrophobic proteins that reduce surface tension at air-epithelium interface
-prevent collapse of alveoli

41
Q

which pneuomocyte type secretes surfactant

A

II

42
Q

lamellar bodies: function, location

A

-contain surfactant synthesized from precursors in blood (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)
-in pneumocytes I and II

43
Q

interalveolar septum: definition

A

site of air blood barrier

44
Q

air blood barrier = (hint: 3 things)

A

surfactant + pneumocytes I + endothelium

45
Q

2 regions of interalveolar septum

A

-thin region
-thick region

46
Q

thick region of interalveolar septum

A

contain connective tissue and macrophages

47
Q

thin region of interalveolar septum

A

forms air-blood barrier and responsible for most of gas exchange

48
Q

do alveoli contain macrophages?

A

yes

49
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

within thin region of interalveolar septum

50
Q

deoxygenated blood from right heart goes to alveoli via

A

pulmonary artery

51
Q

oxygenated blood from left heart goes to airways via

A

bronchial artery

52
Q

oxygenated blood returning to left heart via

A

pulmonary veins

53
Q

2 anatomical divisions of bronchiole

A

-conducting
-respiratory

54
Q

5 structures within conducting division of bronchial tree

A

-nasal cavities
-larynx
-trachea
-primary bronchi
-bronchial tree

55
Q

4 structures within respiratory division of bronchial tree

A

-bronchiole
-alveolar duct
-alveolar sacs
-alveoli

56
Q

formation/development of terminal bronchioles

A

foregut and respiratory diverticulum –> bronchi with left and right buds –> trachea + 3 lobar bronchi branch on right and 2 lobar bronchi branch on left –> continued development of segmental and terminal bronchiole

57
Q

respiratory diverticulum definition

A

outgrowth from ventral wall of foregut (lung bud)

58
Q

endoderm gives rise to

A

epithelium

59
Q

mesoderm gives rise to (3)

A

-cartilage
-muscle
-connective tissue

60
Q

formation of respiratory bronchioles

A

-further division of terminal bronchioles
-increased vascularization (capillaries)

61
Q

respiratory bronchioles give rise to

A

primitive alveoli with pneumocytes I and II

62
Q

visceral pleura comes from

A

visceral mesoderm that lines the lungs

63
Q

parietal pleura comes from

A

parietal/somatic mesoderm that lines body wall

64
Q

pleural cavity comes from

A

intraembryonic body cavity/coelom

65
Q

what kind of tissues are lungs made of (hint: developmental)

A

endoderm and mesoderm

66
Q

when are majority of alveoli formed

A

during first few years of postnatal life

67
Q

postnatal maturation of lungs (3)

A

-breathing movements begin before birth and cause aspiration of amniotic fluid
-when respiration starts at birth, fluid is resorbed by blood and lymph capillaries
-when fluid is resorbed by alveoli, surfactant remains as phospholipid coat to prevent collapse during expiration

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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