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Anatomy I > Lecture 18: Vertebral Column and Back Musculature > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Vertebral Column and Back Musculature Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions of skeleton

A

-axial
-appendicular

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2
Q

axial skeleton: 4 components

A

-skull/cranium
-vertebral column
-ribs
-sternum

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3
Q

appendicular skeleton: 4 parts

A

-limb bones
-pelvis
-scapula
-clavicle

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4
Q

what are joints (2 functions)

A

articulations that:
-firmly unite bones
-allow specific movements between bones (restrict unwanted movements)

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5
Q

flexion: definition

A

movement that reduces angle between bones

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6
Q

extension: definition

A

movement that increases angle between bones

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7
Q

lateral flexion

A

flexed to the right
extended to the left

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8
Q

dorsiflexion/dorsoventral flexion: definition

A

-bending toward body

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9
Q

dorsiflexion in cheetah significance

A

increases stride length

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10
Q

5 functional regions of vertebral column

A

-cervical
-thoracic
-lumbar
-sacral
-coccygeal

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11
Q

cervical vertebrae: appearance

A

-small spinous process
-transverse process splits into dorsal and ventral tubercles

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12
Q

thoracic vertebrae: appearance, articulation

A

-prominent spinous process
-short transverse process
-articulate with ribs

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13
Q

lumbar vertebrae: appearance, articulation

A

-transverse process cranioventrally oriented
-blunt spinous process
-articular processes in sagittal plane

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14
Q

coccygeal vertebrae

A

3-5 fused vertebrae
-articulate with ileum at sacroiliac joint

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15
Q

number of vertebrae: canine

A

C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20
**Cd = caudal/coccygeal

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16
Q

number of vertebrae: equine

A

C7, T18, L6, S5, Cd20

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17
Q

number of vertebrae: bovine

A

C7, T13, L6, S5, Cd18-20

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18
Q

number of vertebrae: caprine (goat)

A

C7, T13, L6-7, S5, Cd16-18

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19
Q

number of vertebrae: porcine (pig)

A

C7, T14-15, L6, S4, Cd20-23

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20
Q

what 2 regions of vertebral column are variations between species most prominent

A

thoracic and caudal

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21
Q

vertebrae articulate via _________ and ______________

A

ligaments, joints

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22
Q

intervertebral discs: location and functions

A

-between vertebral bodies
-compressible, absorb shock, allow movements along many axes

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23
Q

function of synovial joints

A

-joint capsules
allow sliding movements between articular processes (arches) of adjacent vertebrae

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24
Q

what do synovial joints contain

A

synovial fluid (smooth, viscous lubricant)

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25
Q

2 components of intervertebral disk

A

-anulus fibrosus
-nucleus pulposus

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26
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

-central core of intervertebral disk
-semifluid at birth but dehydrates with age

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27
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

-concentric rings of fibrocartilage surrounding nucleus pulposus

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28
Q

function of joints

A

allow stereotypic, predictable movement

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29
Q

function of ligaments

A

limit excessive movement across joints

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30
Q

4 vertebral ligaments

A

-supraspinous
-interspinous
-dorsal longitudinal
-ventral longitudinal

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31
Q

supraspinous ligament: 2 functions

A

-connect spinous processes of vertebra
-limit excessive flexion of vertebral column

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32
Q

interspinous ligament: 2 functions

A

-connect spinous processes of vertebra
-limit excessive FLEXION of vertebral column

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33
Q

supraspinous vs interspinous ligament location

A

supraspinous = superficial
interspinous = deep

34
Q

which vertebral ligament(s) do cats lack

A

supraspinous and nuchal

35
Q

3 functions of dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments

A

-connect vertebral bodies
-limit disc herniation
-limit extension EXTENSION

36
Q

which ligament is a specialized part of the supraspinous ligament

A

nuchal ligament

37
Q

supraspinous ligament continues into the neck as __________

A

nuchal ligament

38
Q

nuchal ligament functions (2)

A

-support majority of mass of the head without muscular effort
-where muscle attaches

39
Q

where does nuchal ligament attach to (which vertebrae)

A

C2

40
Q

vertebral foramen definition

A

hole of vertebrae (where spinal nerves form and branch)

41
Q

ramus is latin for

A

branch

42
Q

spinal nerve roots: function and 2 types

A

-dorsal and ventral
-join to form spinal nerve then branch into rami

43
Q

dorsal root branches into

A

dorsal rami

44
Q

ventral root branches into

A

ventral rami

45
Q

which direction does dorsal rami travel

A

dorsally

46
Q

dorsal vs ventral rami size

A

ventral are larger

47
Q

spinal nerve communicans

A

-white and grey
-branch of ventral rami
-sympathetic trunk ganglion (pathway for ANS)

48
Q

dorsal root ganglion: neuron type

A

sensory, pseudounipolar

49
Q

epaxial muscles function

A

-support vertebral column
-major part of locomotion

50
Q

which ramus innervates epaxial muscles

A

dorsal

51
Q

dorsal root ganglion function

A

contain cell bodies for dorsal roots

52
Q

do epaxial muscles attach to limbs

A

no

53
Q

what kind of movements do epaxial muscles produce (hint: think anatomical planes)

A

sagittal

54
Q

origin: definition

A

proximal end of muscle that is fixed during contraction

55
Q

insertion: definition

A

distal end of muscle that attaches to mobile portion of bone

56
Q

innervation: definition

A

peripheral nerve that provides motor innervation to and takes sensory innervation from a muscle

57
Q

action: definition

A

product of movement generated by muscle contraction

58
Q

hypaxial muscles are innervated by which rami

A

ventral

59
Q

ventral rami innervate what structures

A

-hypaxial muscles of back
-all other somatic structures of body

60
Q

cutaneous trunci: OINA

A

O+I: skin and superficial fascia of dorsal, lateral and ventral walls of thorax; abdomen
N: lateral thoracic nerve
A: twitches skin

61
Q

function of hypaxial muscles

A

-limb movement and stability (locomotion)

62
Q

where are hypaxial muscles positioned relative to expaxial

A

superficial to epaxial

63
Q

if the muscle attaches to a limb, is it hypaxial or expaxial

A

hypaxial

64
Q

trapezius: OINA

A

O: meidal raphe and supraspinous ligament from C3 to T9 vertebrae, nuchal plane of skull
I: spine of scapula
N: vagus nerve
A: elevation of limb, draws it forward

65
Q

latissimus dorsi: OINA

A

O: lumbosacral fascia from spinous process of L vertebrae and last thoracic vertebrae, arises from last two or three ribs
I: teres tubercle and greater tubercle of humerus
N: pectoralis caudales and thoracodorsalis
A: draw limb forward and laterally, support limb, draw limb against trunk, draw limb backward during flexion of shoulder, decelerates forward motion of limb

66
Q

3 epaxial muscle groups/systems

A

-longissimus
-iliocostalis
-transversospinalis

67
Q

epaxial muscle systems/groups AKA

A

errector spinae

68
Q

joint action of epaxial muscles

A

extend vertebral column

69
Q

iliocoastaliis location

A

-ventral to other epaxial muscles
-from pelvis to blade of ribs

70
Q

3 muscles in transversopinalis system

A

-spinalis (capitis, cervicis)
-semispinalis (capitis, cervicis)
-multifidus

71
Q

semispinalis cervicis: OINA

A

O: spinous processes of first 3 thoracic vertebrae, nuchal ligament
I: nuchal crest and mastoid process
N: dorsal rami of spinal nerves
A: extend neck and head, assist in turning neck laterally

72
Q

what is the most superficial epaxial muscle in the cervical region

A

semispinalis cervicis

73
Q

spinalis vs semispinalis vs multifundus location

A

semispinalis = most cranial
spinalis = caudal
multifundus = caudal to semispinalis

74
Q

longissimus: location and attachements

A

-between iliocostalis and transversospinalis
-insert craniolaterally

75
Q

3 muscles for longissimus (based on location)

A

-cervicis
-thoracis
-lumborum

76
Q

bilateral contraction of epaxial muscles causes what action

A

extension

77
Q

unilateral contraction of epaxial muscles produces what action

A

flexion

78
Q

2 muscles of iliocostalis (based on region)

A

thoracis, lumborum

79
Q

thoracolumbar fascia functions

A

-deep, dense fascia
-gives attachment to multiple muscle groups
-provide stability and support to caudal lumbar region

80
Q

splenius

A

extends from T3 to skull

Anatomy I (35 decks)

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